Broken Borders ¤Ñ Trafficking: Globalization has lowered barriers to illegal as well as legal commerce, and international smuggling now threatens to derail the world economy
Moises Naim
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| ¡â Police in Xuchang in central China's Henan province rescue a woman who was kidnapped from her home. AFP-Getty Images. |
Yet what each bust or high-profile initiative really speaks to is the exponential growth in illicit trade across the world. While governments have spent billions since 9/11 to fortify their borders against everything from potential terrorists to illegal drugs and nuclear materials, the size and sophistication of those trafficking operations that have been rolled up has continued to increase. A study released earlier this year by the Washington-based Institute for International Economics found that despite the cumbersome laws that many governments enacted after September 11, money launderers face only a 5 percent chance of being convicted in any given year. (Asked recently how much harder it was to move $50 million secretly now than 10 years ago, a Swiss banker smiled and replied: "The main difference is that now I charge more.") A report last month from the Pew Hispanic Center estimated that the number of illegal immigrants entering the United States since 9/11 has stayed roughly the same since the 1990s ¤Ñ about half a million per year. The trade in small arms has grown into a $4 billion-a-year industry, fueling insurgencies and guerrilla wars from Iraq to Congo.
This is more than a security issue: the dark trades, driven by the same globalizing forces responsible for the surge in international commerce over the last two decades, now threaten the smooth functioning of the legitimate world. Smuggling revenues are spectacular. From 1992 to 2002 the total size of the global drug trade more than dou ¤Ñ bled to $900 billion annually. Fifteen years ago the trade in counterfeit goods was almost insignificant; today the bootleg-CD business alone is worth $4.6 billion a year. The illicit arms trade accounts for an additional $10 billion. So does cross-border human trafficking. Stolen art is worth $3 billion each year. An illegal trade in toxic waste is estimated at $12 billion.
Money laundering offers perhaps the best glimpse of the total size of the world's illicit economy. While global trade has roughly doubled since 1990, from the $5 trillion to the $10 trillion range, the amount of money being laundered worldwide has grown at least tenfold ¤Ñ to nearly $1.5 trillion in some estimates. Since illicit trades can thrive only with government complicity, this means that traffickers are investing huge sums to gain political influence, and not just in their home countries. Their operations have become truly multinational, weaving together global networks of political allies and generating profits on an unprecedented scale. Indeed, the sheer size of the problem is forcing entire industries ¤Ñ from shipping to software, banking to movies ¤Ñ to rethink their operations.
Like those businesses, the trafficking boom owes much to globalization. In the last decade revolutionary changes in technology and politics have reduced the obstacles that distance, borders and government policies had imposed on the movement of goods, money and people. In the 1990s the Internet made international coordination almost costless, and the only price that dropped faster than shipping a cargo container from Shanghai to Los Angeles was the cost of a phone call across the world. Meanwhile, governments everywhere lowered tariffs, eliminated currency controls and opened their economies to foreign traders and investors. All this has not only made the traffickers' job easier, but allowed them to internationalize. Chinese counterfeiters now contract with Cameroonian people-smugglers to have illegal migrants sell fake Gucci bags in Paris or New York. Ukrainian criminals trade guns to their counterparts in Colombia in exchange for cocaine.
Meanwhile as the revenues of the traffickers have soared, the law-enforcement agencies fighting them have seen their budgets dwindle as a result of widespread attempts to downsize government. In 2004 Interpol's entire budget was only $50 million ¤Ñ the cost of just one of the fast ships or planes routinely used and abandoned by traffickers. And other priorities have complicated efforts to combat smuggling. Last week an audit showed that the number of criminal investigations opened by the FBI has dropped by nearly half in the last five years, a reflection of the bureau's shift toward stopping terrorism. In 2004 the agency assigned more than 2,000 fewer agents to criminal matters than the year before.
All these changes have made more acute a longstanding asymmetry: national borders are a boon for traffickers and a nightmare for law-enforcement agencies. Borders allow for the price differences that yield rich profits to smugglers with the ability to transport goods across them. (While in 2004 the average annual income of a poppy farmer in Afghanistan was just $1,700, a kilo of heroin fetched more than $39,000 in the United Kingdom.) Borders also provide a convenient legal shield for smugglers once they cross over to another jurisdiction. Governments have a very hard time collaborating with other governments; their natural habitat is inside their national borders. In contrast, traffickers are most effective when operating across borders ¤Ñ which makes them in many ways better suited to today's world.
Indeed, while some smugglers still deal in only one product ¤Ñ cocaine, say, or human kidneys ¤Ñ much of the power to dispatch goods and set prices now rests with agents, brokers, transporters and those who control the bottlenecks where profits are highest. Crime organizations in northern Mexico have long since expanded their activities from drug trafficking (which they frequently subcontract to smaller players) into new "profit centers." Their business model involves opportunistic arrangements whereby they support Ukrainian, Chinese or Middle Eastern traffickers in the smuggling of various items (including human beings), using their routes into the United States. Drugs remain a large part of the picture, but the real prize ¤Ñ the core competitive advantage ¤Ñ is the ability to sneak goods and people across the border.
Of course, smuggling and international crime have always existed. But three things make this new breed of trafficking far more dangerous than ever before. First, the threat posed by the goods being smuggled has increased exponentially: think only of the black market in nuclear know-how run by Pakistani scientist AQ Khan, which stretched from North Korea to Libya, or the estimated 300 tons of unsecured nuclear material in the former Soviet Union. The movement of people is one area where authorities have recognized a threat and taken strong measures to confront it ¤Ñ yet hardly made a dent in the flood of migrants (accompanying story).
Second, companies are not only losing revenues to smugglers, copycats and fraudsters but also facing added costs ¤Ñ from protecting intellectual property to complying with cumbersome new regulations for shipping or international fund transfers. According to one estimate, adhering to new money-laundering laws now accounts for 10 percent of private banks' costs. And as the criminals reinvest their profits in legitimate companies, businesses confront them aboveground, as it were ¤Ñ as competitors, suppliers, distributors, bankers and perhaps even partners.
Finally, along with diversifying, illicit traders have cultivated political ties ¤Ñ and the more unstable and dysfunctional the country the better. Attempts by criminals to infiltrate governments are as old as governments themselves, of course. But never have they had as many riches with which to buy cooperation, distraction and shelter. Last year the Lithuanian Parliament impeached President Ronaldas Paksas for taking funds from a Russian businessman with alleged ties to Russian organized crime; provincial officials from Afghanistan to Mexico have been implicated in the drug trade. It is no longer possible to understand some of the current behaviors of China or Russia or anticipate their likely evolution without considering the enormous influence that illicit traders have gained at the highest levels of their central and provincial governments. Beijing, for instance, is not likely to crack down on the country's massive counterfeiting industry as long as military and Party officials continue to have a hand in the trade. The same is true of many countries in Africa, the Balkans, Eastern Europe and Latin America.
We are, in fact, headed toward a confrontation between geopolitical black holes and bright spots. In astrophysics, a black hole is an area of the universe where traditional laws of physics don't apply. In geopolitics, it is one where traditional concepts of international law and politics don't. In such places one cannot assume that a single authority is in charge; that that authority governs a clearly delimited territory; that the government is the wealthiest, most resource-rich entity in a particular country, or that it has a monopoly on the use of force or on the ability to enter into international political alliances. In Afghanistan, where the central government cannot get electricity to hundreds of villages, smugglers can ship heroin to the streets of London in 48 hours.
Bright spots, by contrast, are places where governments function, people respect the authority of police and judges, and are willing to abide by laws and sanction offenders. There are many such places. But the ¤Ñ idea that they can insulate themselves from the black holes is a delusion. There is no fortification strong enough to prevent borders from leaking; and you need not travel far to peer into a geopolitical black hole. It might be in Manhattan, where an Armenian trader recently offered to broker for undercover agents the purchase of radioactive materials suited ¤Ñ he pointed out ¤Ñ for a subway attack. It might be the Pakistani suburbs of Leeds. It might be the same offshore center where your money is stored.
Are governments doomed in this struggle ¤Ñ Only if we stick to the strategies of the past. Especially since 9/11, there have been remarkable advances in technologies for surveillance, tracing, detection and the identification of products and people. Some are moving toward fast adoption, like biometric passports or the ubiquitous closed-circuit cameras that record us in public places. Others raise thorny issues of privacy and civil liberties that each society must work through. Business, too, must realize that technology that makes copying too costly or even impossible will increasingly become the only way to protect one's products against counterfeiting. In this sense investments in design and engineering will yield far higher returns than the millions currently showered upon lawyers and lobbyists.
But technology won't be enough unless we rethink government at the same time. Government agencies are hampered by functional, geographical and jurisdictional divisions. Database experts, for instance, often work for the financial investigation unit. The lawyers fight counterfeiting work for commerce ministries. And so on. It's hard enough to foster communication between these hierarchical, process-driven cylinders. It's much harder when several countries are involved. Moreover, efforts are doomed to fail if they continue to be driven by the same political attitudes and government policies that treat global crime as a secondary threat that has always existed.
On the other hand, we also ask government to do too much, to spend too many resources fighting things like soft drugs, where decriminalization would drastically shrink the value of trafficking and may well lower the social harm of the trade. Voters hold the power to sanction politicians who stick to failed strategies, and to reward those with the courage to speak openly about trafficking. But they tend not to do so. Seeing illicit trade primarily in moral terms of right and wrong ¤Ñ the way we've long dealt with it in courts, churches and classrooms ¤Ñ no longer works, if it ever did. "I have no doubt that what we are doing on the war on drugs is not working," says one U.S. senator. "But I also have no doubt that if I say it and come out in favor of legalizing some drugs... I will lose my next election."
Combating trafficking starts with the recognition that hypocrisy reigns in the way we talk about all these trades. It's common to denounce illegal immigrants while benefiting from industries for whom they are a lifeline to profitability. We decry the evils of drugs and complain loudly about infringed copyrights, but do little to staunch the demand that fuels both drugrunning and counterfeiting. Instead we should be regulating those trades we can live with and devoting our full resources to stopping the others ¤Ñ the traffic in small arms, for instance, or in kidnapped children. Only when we realize that illicit trade is about high profits, not low morals, will we start to beat back the scourge. By Moises Naim, Newsweek. ¨Ï 2005 Newsweek, Inc.
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Christopher Dickey. 2005. ¡°Immigration: At the Gates ¤Ñ As the European Union expands, it's come face to face with a new world.¡± Newsweek, International Edition, October 24, 2005.Oct. 24, 2005 issue - The Africans had walked for days from the vast Sahara to reach those high fences topped with razor wire that are all that separates their world from two tiny outposts of Europe on the southern shore of the Mediterranean. They came from Senegal, from Mali, from Mauritania ¤Ñ from countries they wouldn't name, whose papers they had destroyed ¤Ñ and hid deep in Morocco's coastal forest, waiting.
When the moment came, they used cell phones to coordinate their assaults on the fences, rushing forward like human avalanches, hundreds of men at a time, some carrying ladders, some with gloves and loose clothes, cascading against the barriers erected around the Spanish enclaves called Ceuta and Melilla. Starting in late September, as Spanish authorities set about methodically raising the fence from three meters to six, wave upon wave of would-be immigrants made desperate attempts to clamber over. Spanish security forces, greatly outnumbered, haven't been able to hold all of them back. Moroccan security forces, first diffident, then excessive, have twice opened fire. At least 14 of the climbers have been killed. But if these tragedies have inspired pity and fear all over the European Union, it's not just because of the drama of the moment; it's because they are omens of greater troubles to come.
As the union's frontiers expand, drawing in countries that used to be buffers between First World prosperity and Third World poverty, the lines of demarcation between affluence and misery, democracy and extremism, become as sharp as razor wire. If Turkey eventually accedes, Europe will border Syria, Iran, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. "Some say we should keep our buffer zone, and that Europe shouldn't be naive about what it is bumping up against," says Daniel Koehane of the Centre for European Reform in London. "Others say it would help the EU to shape those countries, similar to the way that it has successfully shaped the new member states in the east and even Turkey." But on the problematic frontiers like Ceuta and Melilla, the record is one of grand promises and stopgap measures that have utterly failed to cope with a burgeoning crisis.
Consider the French island of Mayotte, part of the archipelago off the coast of southern Africa that includes the Comoros. Some 55,000 of Mayotte's 160,000 people are illegal immigrants. About 97 percent are Muslim. The dominant language is a variety of Swahili. But social benefits and laws of citizenship that ¤Ñ apply in Paris apply in Mayotte, too, making its allure almost irresistible. Any child born onFrench territory, including Mayotte, can potentially claim French ¤Ñ and European ¤Ñ citizenship. According to social workers, unwed mothers often risk their lives in rickety boats to get to the island, then give birth and sell the "rights" of fatherhood to the highest bidder. Mayotte's only maternity ward is the busiest in France, surpassing those of Paris, Lyons or Marseilles with 7,500 births a year. According to Mansour Kamardine, a member of the French National Assembly elected from Mayotte, the island expels some 8,000 illegals a year. "But it's like a boat taking in water, and the captain only has a saucepan to bail it out."
European leaders treat the situation along the southern shore of the Mediterranean with greater urgency, but their solutions aren't much more effective than Kamardine's saucepans. L'Espresso last week chronicled the humiliations suffered by illegal immigrants in the holding pen on Lampedusa, a small Italian island closer to North Africa than to southern Italy. Yet after the alleged beatings and abuses there, most illegal immigrants were sent to a larger facility in Sicily and, finally, just released to fend for themselves in Europe because the legal system couldn't cope.
A few days before the recent German elections, outgoing Interior Minister Otto Schily once again proposed setting up what amount to refugee camps in North Africa. French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy met with Libyan leader Muammar Kaddafi earlier this month to ask for his help. Last year, after Italian officials paid similar visits, Libya reportedly signed an agreement to do just that, but the details were never officially made public, and the results haven't been encouraging. Libya's treatment of the third-country nationals it repatriated was criticized by human-rights organizations, while most of those illegal immigrants who come to Italy by sea still come via Libya. In fact, the numbers are rising dramatically: 15,300 reached the Italian mainland so far this year, compared with about 10,000 in all of 2004, according to the Italian Interior Ministry. The number reaching Sicily jumped from 1,800 to 5,000.
There are, to be sure, some examples of strong cooperation elsewhere. Joint Spanish-Moroccan naval patrols have helped cut by half the number of illegal immigrants arriving in the Canary Islands. Clandestine boat traffic across the Strait of Gibraltar is down as well. But like a balloon that's tied off in one place only to expand in another, the immigrants just keep looking for new points of entry like Ceuta and Melilla.
Most experts agree that over the long term better development programs are needed in North Africa and among the sub-Saharan countries where these new immigrants originate. "We know exactly what it takes" says Steffen Angenendt of the German Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin. But that would require opening up more EU markets to such countries, especially for agricultural products, and there's no strong support for such a move in Europe. Moroccan Communications Minister Nabil Benabdellah bluntly complained in Paris last week that Brussels has been promising tens of millions of dollars in aid for the last six years, which has never materialized. "Morocco cannot assume by itself the burden of all the misery on the African continent," said Benabdellah.
The American poet Robert Frost once wrote, famously, that good fences make good neighbors. But when the neighbors are as desperate as the Africans storming the concertina wire at Ceuta and Melilla, no fence is good enough. By Christopher Dickey, Newsweek International. With Eric Pape and Tracy McNicoll in Paris, Jenny Barchfield in Madrid, Jacopo Barigazzi in Milan, and Stefan Theil in Berlin. ¨Ï 2005 Newsweek, Inc.
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| ¡â Three of the nine survivors who were plucked from the ocean off the coast of Colombia last week arrive in Manta, Ecuador, 161 miles west of Quito, yesterday. The nine were on a boat carrying 113 that sank Friday night. AP / EL DIARIO. |
BOGOTA, Colombia ¤Ñ A small boat overloaded with more than 100 illegal immigrants capsized and sank in rough waters in the Pacific Ocean, and only nine survivors were found, clinging to a wooden box and buoys, officials said yesterday.
Ecuadorean Navy Capt. Armando Elizalde told Colombian RCN television most of the 113 people aboard "sank with the boat." The Colombian Navy said the boat was meant to hold 15 people.
The disaster that hit the boat ¤Ñ whose passengers were believed to be heading to the United States ¤Ñ occurred Friday night more than 100 miles off the coast of southwest Colombia. "The boat, with way too many people aboard, was unable to resist a strong wave and it tipped over," Elizalde said, adding that most of those aboard were in the ship's hold when it capsized and could not escape. An Ecuadorean fishing boat found the survivors ¤Ñ seven men and two women ¤Ñ on Sunday, Elizalde said. Most of the survivors were in their 20s, although the youngest was 15.
Julio Cisalima, 25, said he held on to a gas container to keep afloat. "There was a little bag of water floating and that's what we were surviving on," another survivor told Colombia's Caracol Television. The disaster highlighted the perilous journey that migrants seeking to escape poverty in their homeland undertake to reach the United States. Traffickers often use Ecuador's coast as a launching point, frequently taking illegal immigrants to Guatemala or Mexico so they can travel overland into the United States. By Andrew Selsky. The Associated Press.
Science Daily. 2005. ¡°Ecuador: Ship sinks, kills 100.¡± Science Daily, August 17, 2005.
QUITO, Ecuador, Aug. 17 (UPI) ¤Ñ Rescuers said more than 100 likely drowned when a boat sailing from Ecuador sank off the coast of Colombia, El Comercio reported online Wednesday. Officials said as many as 113 people could be dead after the tiny boat went down. Nine men and women were rescued, said the Colombian navy. Ecuadorians trying to reach the United States have been known to sail past Colombia on their way to Central America -- from where they travel overland to reach the U.S. border. The boat's sinking is the second major disaster in the region this week. Early Monday a Colombian airliner crashed in the dense Venezuelan jungle killing all 160 people on board.

BBC News. 1999. ¡°World: Americas Ship dumps illegal immigrants.¡± BBC News, August 12, 1999.
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| ¡â Calls are growing for Canada to tighten its immigration laws. |
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| ¡â Immigrants are seen clinging to the rocks in this long-range picture. |
The BBC's Ian Gunn |
A search and rescue operation is battling against adverse weather conditions to remove the immigrants from the island. Canadian police who boarded the vessel arrested an eight-strong crew of Korean origin.
Immigration clampdownThis is the second such landing in recent weeks prompting growing calls in Canada, which already has a large Chinese community, for a toughening of immigration laws. Less than a month ago another ship smuggled 128 Chinese to Canada's Pacific Coast.
George Varney of Canada's immigration service said: "The first vessel had no children. This vessel seems to have a fairly significant number of women, although we don't have an exact count yet, and it has quite a number of very small children."
Canada's immigration minister says in light of the two landings she will review Canada's immigration laws but she is rejecting calls for such ships to be automatically turned away when they enter Canadian waters.
Police and immigration authorities have expressed concerns that Canada may now be facing a human smuggling problem similar to one already experienced by Australia and New Zealand.
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