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µû¶ó ¼ÛȯÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¹æÄ§¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù. À̽¸¸Àº »óÈ£¹æÀ§Á¶¾à µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÃøÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä
¾çº¸ Á¦¾ÈÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÈÞÀüÇù»óÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù´Â ¾à¼ÓÀ» Çß´Ù. 1953³â
7¿ù 27ÀÏ, ÈÞÀüÇùÁ¤Àº Á¶Àεǰí Áï½Ã ÀÌÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ¿ª»ç °ÀÇ: 3-8
(2005. 9. 10.)
¨Ï 2005 by Wontack Hong
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reserved
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.eastasianhistory.pe.kr/
http://www.wontackhong.pe.kr/
| [°¢ÁÖ]
1. À̽¸¸Àº 1875³â¿¡ ž´Ù. ±×´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÇÑÇÐ ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾Ò°í,
1894³â¿¡ ¼¿ïÀÇ ¸Þ¼Òµð½ºÆ® °èÅë ¹èÀçÇд翡 µé¾î°¡ ¿µ¾î¸¦ ¹è¿ü´Ù. 1896³â,
¿ÕÁ¤À» °³ÇõÇϰí ÀϺ»ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¾ß¿åÀ» Ãß¹æÇÏ·Á°í µ¶¸³Çùȸ¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏ¿© Ȱµ¿À» ÇÏ´Ù°¡
(ÀÏ¹Ý ¼±°Å·Î ÀÇȸ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â) Á¤ºÎ Àüº¹ Á˸ñÀ¸·Î 1898³â¿¡ Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾ú´Ù.
1904³â¿¡ Ãâ¿ÁÇÏÀÚ, À̽¸¸Àº ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î °Ç³Ê°¡ George Washington
´ëÇп¡¼ Àι®»çȸ °èÅëÀÇ °øºÎ¸¦ ÇÏ¿© 1907³â¿¡ ÇлçÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ°í, Harvard
´ëÇп¡¼´Â ±¹Á¦°ü°è¿Í ¿ª»ç °øºÎ¸¦ ÇÏ¿© 1908³â¿¡ ¼®»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ°í, Princeton
´ëÇÐÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Çаú¿¡¼´Â ±¹Á¦¹ýÀ» Àü°øÇØ, Çѱ¹ÀÌ ÀϺ»¿¡ ÇÕº´µÈ 1910³â¿¡, ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦
¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. À̽¸¸Àº Woodrow Wilson ´ëÅë·É Áý¾È°ú´Â Princeton´ëÇÐ ÃÑÀå
½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ °¡±î¿î Ä£±¸·Î Áö³Â´Ù. 1910³â¿¡ ±Í±¹ÇÏ¿© Àá½Ã YMCAÀÇ ÀÏÀ» º¸°í,
ÁßÇб³ ±³Àå ³ë¸©À» Çß´Ù. 1912³â, ÀÏÁ¦ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ´ç±¹ÀÇ Ã¼Æ÷ À§Çù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î
µµÇÇÇß´Ù. À̽¸¸Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½º½ÂÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ì±¹ ¹ÎÁÖ´ç ´ëÅë·É È帰¡ µÈ Woodrow
WilsonÀ» º¸°í Çѱ¹À» Áö¿øÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ûÇßÁö¸¸, WilsonÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çѱ¹À»
µ¶¸³½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦Àû °£¼·ÀÌ ºÎÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù´Â ¸»À» µé¾ú´Ù. 1919³â 4¿ù, »óÇØ¿¡
ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ°¡ ¼ö¸³µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÃÊ´ë ±¹¹«ÃѸ®°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, 1920³â¿¡´Â ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Burton I. Kaufman (1999: 101) ÂüÁ¶.
2. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº 1879³â¿¡ Á¶Áö¾Æ¿¡¼ ž, ·¹´Ñ »ç¸Á ÈÄ, 1924³â¿¡ Áý±ÇÀ»
Çß´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº 1912³â¿¡ ž°í, 1919³â¿¡ °¡Á· ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸¸ÁÖ·Î ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ Çß´Ù.
1932³â¿¡ ÀϺ»ÀÌ ¸¸ÁÖ¸¦ Á¡·ÉÇÏÀÚ, ±èÀϼºÀº Ç×ÀÏ °Ô¸±¶ó ¿îµ¿¿¡ °¡´ãÇß´Ù. ÈÄ¿¡
ÀÏÁ¦°¡ °Ô¸±¶ó ¹Ú¸ê ÀÛÀüÀ» Àü°³ÇÏÀÚ, 1939³â(ȤÀº 1940³â)¿¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ±Øµ¿Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î
°Ç³Ê°¡ ¼Ò·Ã±º ´ëÀ§·Î Çѱ¹ÀÎ ºÎ´ë¸¦ ÁöÈÖÇß´Ù. Goncharov, Lewis, and
Lita ( 1993: 131)
ÂüÁ¶. 3. ¼Ò·Ã Á¤ºÎ°¡
1949. 9. 24ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î ºÏÇÑ ÁÖÀç ¼Ò·Ã´ë»ç¿¡°Ô º¸³½ ÈÆ·É: ¡°Çѹݵµ ÅëÀÏÀ» À§ÇÑ
ÅõÀïÀ» ÇÏ´Â Çö ½ÃÁ¡ÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â, ù°·Î »¡Ä¡»ê ¿îµ¿À» °³¹ßÇϰí, ÇØ¹æ Áö±¸¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î
³»°í, ¹Ýµ¿ Á¤±ÇÀ» ÂѾƳ» Çѱ¹ ÅëÀÏÀ» ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â Àü¹ÝÀû ¹«ÀåºÀ±â¸¦ ÁغñÇϰí,
µÑ°·Î, ÀιαºÀ» ¸ðµç ¸é¿¡¼ Á»´õ °ÈÇϴµ¥ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» °æÁÖ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.¡±
Kaufman (1999: 119)
4. Stueck (1995: 30-31) ÂüÁ¶. ¼´ë¼÷(1988: 121)¿¡
ÀÇÇϸé 1949³â 9¿ùºÎÅÍ 1950³â 3¿ù±îÁö 3,000¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ °Ô¸±¶óµéÀÌ
³²ÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.
5. Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers,
commentary by Edward Crankshow, and translated
by Strobe Talbott (Little Brown, 1970; Bantam,
1971). Stueck (2002: 2-3)Àº ÀϺΠ¼Å¬¿¡¼ ÀÌ È¸°í·ÏÀÇ
ÇÕ¹ý¼º-Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
6. Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita ( 1993: 213-4,
136-7, 138-54) ÂüÁ¶.
ºÏÇÑÁÖÀç ¼Ò·Ã ´ë»ç Shtykov°¡ 1950. 1. 19ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î
Vishinsky¿¡°Ô º¸³½ Àü¹® ÇØµ¶: "±èÀϼºÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¿¡ °¬À» ¶§ ½ºÅ»¸°
µ¿¹«°¡ Àڱ⿡°Ô À̽¸¸ ±º´ë°¡ ºÏÂÊÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ¸é ³²ÇÑÀ¸·Î ¹Ý°ÝÀ» ÇØ ³»·Á°¡µµ ÁÁ´Ù°í
¸»Çߴµ¥, À̽¸¸ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ °ø°Ý ÇÒ »ý°¢À» ¾ÈÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ³²ÇÑ µ¿Æ÷¸¦ ÇØ¹æÇϰí
ÅëÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Áö¿¬µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ´Ù½Ã ½ºÅ»¸° µ¿¹«¸¦ ã¾Æº¸°í, ³²ÇÑ
±¹¹ÎÀ» ÇØ¹æÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀιαºÀÌ °ø°ÝÀ» ÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù´Â Çã°¡¿Í ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹ÞÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù°í
»ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº, ÀÚ½ÅÀº °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚÀ̸ç, ±ÔÀ²À» Á¸ÁßÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̰í, ¶Ç Àڽſ¡°Ô´Â
½ºÅ»¸° µ¿¹«ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ¹ýÀ̳ª ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, Àڱ⠸¶À½´ë·Î °ø°ÝÀ» ½ÃÀÛ ÇÒ ¼ö´Â
¾ø´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù" Kaufman (1999: 120)
StalinÀÌ 1950. 1. 30ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î Shtykov¿¡°Ô º¸³½ Àü¹® ÇØµ¶:
"±èÀϼºÀº ±×·¸°Ô Å« »ç¾÷À» ¹ú¸®·Á¸é ´ë´ëÀûÀÎ Áغñ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
³Ê¹« Å« À§ÇèºÎ´ãÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï »ç¾÷ÀÌ Á¶Á÷µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù" Kaufman (1999:
121)
7. ¼´ë¼÷ (1988: 105, 113, 120) ÂüÁ¶. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±èÀϼºÀÌ ´ç½Ã
³²ÇÑÀÇ ¾ð·Ð, ¿µ»ó¸Åü, ±³À°ÇöÀå µîÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Ä£ÀÏÆÄ ½ÇŸ¦ öÀúÈ÷
ÆÄ¾ÇÇØ È«º¸ÇÒ ½Ã°£Àû ¿©À¯µµ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, º° È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Í °°´Ù. ¶Ç, ¹Ì±¹
³»¿¡ ÇøÇÑ(úîùÛ) °¨Á¤À» È®»ê½Ãų ¼ö´Üµµ ¾ø¾ú°í, ³²ÇÑÀÇ À̽¸¸ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¹Ý¹Ì Á¤±Çµµ
¾Æ´Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ÂüÀüÀ» ÀúÁöÇÒ ³»ºÎÀû ¼ö´Üµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
8. Stueck (1995: 62) ÂüÁ¶. ÀÌµé °íÂü º´»çµé Áß 1¸¸ ¸íÀº
Áß°ø±º 166»ç´Ü Ãâ½ÅÀ¸·Î, 3ÀÏ ¸¸¿¡ ¼¿ïÀ» Á¡·ÉÇÑ ºÏÇѱº 1±º´ÜÀÇ Á¦6»ç´ÜÀ¸·Î
°³ÆíµÇ¾î ¹æÈ£»ê(Û°ûÛߣ)ÀÇ ÁöÈÖ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 6»ç´ÜÀº ³²Ä§ 1°³¿ù ¸¸ÀÎ 7¿ù 25ÀÏ¿¡
¼øÃµ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. Áß°ø±º 20»ç´Ü Ãâ½Å º´»çµéÀº ÁߺÎÀü¼± ÃáõÁö¿ªÀ» °ø°ÝÇÑ ºÏÇѱº
2±º´ÜÀÇ Á¦7»ç´ÜÀ¸·Î °³ÆíµÇ¾ú°í, Áß°ø±º 164»ç´Ü Ãâ½ÅÀº ±èâ´ö ÁöÈÖ ¾Æ·¡ µ¿ÇؾÈ
°£¼±µµ·Î¿¡ ÅõÀÔµÈ ºÏÇѱº Á¦5»ç´ÜÀ¸·Î °³ÆíµÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ëº´Ãµ (2000: 411),
Çѱ¹ÀüÀï»ç 1 (1992: 118) ÂüÁ¶.
9. Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (1964)
ÂüÁ¶.
10. ûÇÁÀüÀï(1883-5)ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ûÁ¶ÀÇ ¾È³² Áö¹è´Â ÇÁ¶û½º ½Ä¹ÎÅëÄ¡·Î
´ëüµÇ¾ú´Ù. È£Áö¸íÀº 1890³â¿¡ °¡³ÇÑ ½Ã°ñ ÇÐÀÚÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î ž´Ù. ¿Â°® ÀâÀÏÀ»
ÇÏ¸ç ¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» ¶°µ¹´Ù°¡ °ñ¼ö °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1930³â¿¡ ÀεµÂ÷À̳ª °ø»ê´çÀ»
¼ö¸³Çß°í, Çõ¸íÀ» ¼öÇàÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î, ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â ³ó¹Îµé ¿ªÇÒÀÇ Á߿伺À» ½ÅºÀÇß´Ù.
1938³â, ¸ðÅõ¿°ú ¿¬¾È¿¡¼ ¸î ´ÞÀ» ÇÔ²² Áö³Â´Ù.
11. (1925³â¿¡ Á¶¼±°ø»ê´çÀ» â°ÇÇß°í) ³²ÇÑ °ø»ê´çÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚÀ̾ú´ø ¹ÚÇ念Àº,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³²ÇÑ¿¡¼ÀÇ Áöµµ·ÂÀ» ȸº¹Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ±º»çÀû ħ°ø º¸´Ù´Â ¹ÎÁߺÀ±â¸¦ ¼±È£Çß´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé°ú ÁöÇÏ Á¶Á÷¿øµéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐ üÆ÷µÇÀÚ, ¹ÚÇ念Àº ±º»ç Çൿ¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¹ÚÇ念Àº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô, ÀÏ´Ü ÀιαºÀÌ ³²Ä§À» ½ÃÀÛÇϸé 20¸¸ ¿©¸íÀÇ
Ãæ¼º½º·¯¿î ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ºÀ±âÇÏ¿© ³²ÇÑ Á¤±ÇÀ» Àüº¹½Ãų °Í À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù ÇÑ´Ù. 1963³â
2¿ù 8ÀÏ(Àιαº â¼³ 15Áֳ⠱â³äÀÏ), ±èÀϼºÀº ¹ÚÇ念ÀÌ °ÅÁþ¸»ÀåÀ̾ú°í, ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ°¡
20¸¸Àº °í»çÇϰí 1,000¸íµµ ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ºñ³À» ÆÛºÎ¾ú´Ù. ¼´ë¼÷ (1988:
121)
12. Æ®·ç¸¸Àº 1884³â¿¡ ¹ÌÁ¶¸® ÁÖ¿¡¼ ž, 1921³â±îÁö °¡Á· ³óÀåÀ»
°æ¿µÇÏ´Ù°¡ »óÁ¡À» ¿î¿µÇÏ¸ç »ì¾Ò´Ù. 1934³â¿¡ »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø¿¡ ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú°í, ·ç½ºº§Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
ºÎÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ¹ßŹµÇ¾î 1945³â¿¡ ·ç½ºº§Æ®°¡ Á×ÀÚ ´ëÅë·É Á÷À§¸¦ ½Â°èÇß´Ù. Æ®·ç¸¸Àº
1945³â ÀϺ»¿¡ ¿øÆøÅõÇÏ °áÁ¤À» ³»·È°í, 1947³â¿¡ ¸¶¼£ Ç÷£À» ½ÃÇàÇß°í,
1948³â¿¡ ´ë±Ô¸ð °ø¼ö¸¦ ´ÜÇàÇÏ¿© ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ º£¸¦¸° ºÀ¼â¸¦ ±Øº¹Çß°í, 1950³â 1¿ù¿¡´Â
¼ö¼ÒÆøÅº »ý»êÀ» °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. Æ®·ç¸¸Àº (1938³âÀÇ ¹ÀÇîãÒ) À¯ÈÁ¤Ã¥Àº ¿ÀÁ÷
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ Ä§·«À» Á¶ÀåÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Çѱ¹ ÆÄº´À» ½Å¼ÓÇϰÔ
°áÁ¤Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 1950³â 12¿ù 1ÀÏ (New York Times), Æ®·ç¸¸Àº
ÇÙ¹«±â »ç¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ¼º¸í±îÁö Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹Àº ¿øÀÚÆøÅºÀ»
(3Â÷´ëÀüÀÌ ÀϾ °æ¿ì ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô ´ëÀÀÇϱ⿡ Å©°Ô ºÎÁ·ÇÑ) 298°³ ¹Û¿¡ º¸À¯Çϰí ÀÖÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿øÀÚÆøÅº ¼ýÀÚ´Â ³ëº´Ãµ (2000: 400) ÂüÁ¶.
13. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and
Xue Litai (1993: 216) ÂüÁ¶.
14. Àü°è¼ (1993: 207, 210, 212) ÂüÁ¶.
15. "±èÀϼºÀ¸·Î¼´Â Áß±¹ Àǿ뱺ÀÌ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ³Ñ°Ü ¹ÞÀº 1950³â 10¿ù¿¡ ÀüÀïÀÌ
³¡³ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô ÀüÀï ¿î¿µ¿¡ ÀÏü °£¼·À» ¸»¶ó°í ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ÆØ´öȸ´Â
±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô, Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀº ÀڽŰú ¸Æ¾Æ´õ À屺 »çÀÌÀÇ ½Î¿òÀÌ´Ï±î ±èÀϼºÀº ¾Æ¹« ¿ªÇÒµµ ÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù ÇÑ´Ù" ¼´ë¼÷ (1988: 137)
16. Chen (1994: 289) ÂüÁ¶.
17. Chen(2001: 85)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, "1950³â 10¿ù, Áß°ø±ºÀÌ
Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÒ ¶§, ¸ðÅõ¿°ú ºÏ°æ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº Çѹݵµ¿¡¼ ¹Ì±ºÀ» ¸ô¾Æ³¿À¸·Î ¿µ±¤½º·¯¿î
½Â¸®¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ »ý°¢À̾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ 9°³¿ùÀÌ Áö³ª º¸´Ï ÀüÅõÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Çö½ÇÀº ºÏ°æ
ÁöµµÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù"
18. ´ç½Ã ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ 1°³ Ç×°ø»ç´ÜÀº ¾à 120´ë ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÀüÅõ±â·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹Ì±º Àü»çÀÚ´Â ¾à 5¸¸ 4,000¸í, ºÎ»óÀÚ´Â 10¸¸¸í, Àüºñ ÃѾ×Àº
540¾ïºÒ·Î Ãß»êµÇ¾ú´Ù. Noh (2000: 175, 401) ÂüÁ¶.
19. Chen(1994: 220-3)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé: "Áß°ø±ºÀÇ Çѱ¹ÀüÀï Âü¿©·Î
¼ö¸¹Àº º´»çµéÀÌ ÀüÀå¿¡¼ Á×¾ú°í, °æÁ¦ Àç°Ç¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö½Ê¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ ¼Ò¸ðµÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ë¸¸ Á¡·É ±âȸµµ »ó½ÇÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º»´Ù¸é Áß±¹Àº ¾òÀº °ÍÀÌ
»ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ½Å»ý±¹°¡ Ãʱâ´Ü°è¿¡¼ µµÀúÈ÷ »ó»óµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû-»çȸÀû
Çõ¸íÀÌ °íÃëµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×Çϰí Á¶¼±À» µ½ÀÚ´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ´ë´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÈ 3³â
µ¿¾È, Áß±¹ °ø»ê´çÀº Áß±¹»çȸ Àü¹Ý¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Á¶Á÷Àû ÅëÁ¦¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î °ÈÇß°í, Áß±¹
ÀÎ¹Îµé ¸¶À½ ¼Ó ±íÀÌ ´çÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ¢½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðÅõ¿Àº Áß±¹À»
º¯ÇõÇÒ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÒ È®½Å°ú ÀÇ¿åÀÌ »ý°å°í, Áý´Ü³óÀåÈ, »ê¾÷±¹À¯È,
¹Ý-¿ìÀÍ Ä·ÆäÀÎ, ´ë¾àÁø¿îµ¿ µîÀ» Àü°³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀº ¶Ç ±¹Á¦¹«´ë¿¡¼ Áß±¹ÀÌ
°¢±¤À» ¹Þ´Â °è±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿ª»ç»ó óÀ½À¸·Î ¼±¸¿°¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ ÆÐ¹èÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ °áÁ¤Àû ¼ø°£¿¡ ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ ¹è¹ÝÀ» ÇÏ¿©, ¼Ò·Ã °ø±ºÀÇ ¾öÈ£¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀüÅõ¸¦
½ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß Çß´ø (1950³â 10¿ù 19ÀÏ-1951³â 1¿ù 10ÀÏ ±â°£ Áß) »ç½ÇÀ» ÀØÀ»
¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðÅõ¿À» À§½ÃÇÑ ºÏ°æ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ¸³À» °Á¶ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ¡¦ ÀÌ´Â
Àå·¡ Áß-¼Ò °áº°ÀÇ ÀüÁÖ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù"
20. Stueck(2002: 172-4)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, "ÁÖÀº·¡°¡ Æ÷·Î ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾çº¸
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The Korean War
at the periphery of a bipolar
world
Wontack Hong
Professor Emeritus,
Seoul University
a transient multi-polar
world
In 1853, U.S. Commodore Perry and his fleet
arrived off the coast of Japan and forced the
Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1868) to open up the
nation. The Japanese people threw out the
shogunate, gathered together under the authority
of the imperial court, and commenced
westernization-cum-industrialization in the name
of Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), emulating the
Western colonialism-imperialism and winning the
Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5. In 1903, Czarist
Russia had offered the Japanese the exclusive
right in the Korean peninsula below the 39th
parallel and neutralization of the area north of
it. The offer was rejected by the Imperialist
Japanese, who won the ensuing Russo-Japanese War
(1904-5) and made Chosun a Japanese
protectorate. Korea, which had never experienced
a foreign conquest dynasty, was annexed by Japan
in 1910; nationwide demonstrations against
Japanese rule broke out on March 1, 1919; and,
at the Cairo Conference of December 1, 1943,
Roosevelt, Churchill and Jiang Jieshi stated
that ¡°in due course Korea shall become free and
independent.¡±
at the periphery of a bipolar
world
In August 1945, in the final days of World
War II, the Americans and Soviets agreed to take
the 38th parallel as the dividing line of the
Korean peninsula between Soviet and U.S.
occupation zones. On May 10, 1948, a general
election was carried out in the South under the
auspices of United Nations, and the Republic of
Korea (ROK) was established on August 15 with
73-year-old Rhee Syng-man as president.1 Stalin established a
Democratic People¡¯s Republic (DPRK) in the North
on September 9, 1948 with 33-year-old Kim
Il-sung as the chief of state.2
Kim Il-sung broached the possibility of a
military invasion of the South with Stalin in
March, 1949. Kim tried to persuade Stalin that a
popular uprising in the South would immediately
be triggered by the invasion. NATO was formed in
April, 1949. Stalin did not reject Kim¡¯s idea in
principle but, even after the withdrawal of U.S.
troops from the South in June, kept encouraging
his client to pursue guerrilla warfare.3 Between June and September,
Kim indeed dispatched 1,200 specifically-trained
fighters across the 38th parallel to intensify
the on-going communist guerrilla war in the
South, but most of the organized guerrilla units
were eventually wiped out by the ROK army.4
¡°the war wasn¡¯t Stalin¡¯s idea, but
Kim¡¯s¡±
In his memoirs, Nikita Khrushchev (1971:
400-1) recalls that: ¡°at the end of 1949, Kim
Il-sung arrived with his delegation to hold
consultations with Stalin. The North Koreans
wanted to prod South Korea with the point of a
bayonet. Kim said that the first poke would
touch off an internal explosion in South Korea.
¡¦ Naturally Stalin couldn¡¯t oppose this idea. ¡¦
Stalin persuaded Kim that he should think it
over, make some calculations, and then come back
with a concrete plan.¡±5
On January 12,
1950, the U.S. Secretary of State, Dean Acheson,
made a speech in the National Press Club stating
that the U.S. would not guarantee areas beyond
Japan, the Ryukyus and the Philippines against
military attack, a position that placed Korea
outside the U.S. defense perimeter. Two months
later, in April, Kim visited Moscow again
together with Park Heon-yung, the leader of the
South Korean Communists. This time, Stalin
approved his invasion of South Korea on
condition of obtaining the approval of Mao
Zedong. Kim made a trip to Beijing in mid-May
and obtained Mao¡¯s support.6
Khrushchev remembers it
this way (ibid: 401-2): ¡°Kim went home, and then
returned to Moscow when he had worked everything
out. He told Stalin he was absolutely certain of
success. I remember Stalin had his doubts. He
was worried that the Americans would jump in,
but we were inclined to think that if the war
were fought swiftly–and Kim was sure that it
would be won swiftly—then intervention by the
USA could be avoided. Nevertheless, Stalin
decided to ask Mao¡¯s opinion about Kim¡¯s
suggestion. ¡¦ Mao also answered affirmatively.
He approved Kim¡¯s suggestion and put forward the
opinion that the USA would not intervene since
the war would be an internal matter¡¦ We [the
Soviets] had already been giving arms to North
Korea for some time. It was obvious that they
would receive the requisite quantity of tanks,
artillery, rifles, machine guns, engineering
equipment, and antiaircraft
weapons.¡±
According to Suh (1988:
112, 121), the key factors that have contributed
to Kim¡¯s decision to attack South Korea were the
U.S. troop withdrawal, the success of the
Chinese Communists in mainland China, and the
Acheson declaration regarding the U.S. defense
perimeter in Asia. Furthermore, Park Heon-yung
assured Kim that some 200,000 loyal followers of
his organizations in the South would rise up
once the invasion began, and Kim also believed
that the war would be won too swiftly for the
U.S. army to return to Korean peninsula.
Kim had been trying to undermine the
legitimacy of the Rhee regime by amplifying the
stigma of collaboration of key figures of its
government with the Japanese during their
occupation of Korea, and tried to get rid of the
U.S. and her forces out of the minds of the
South Korean people by propagating nationalism
and the danger of colonial enslavement under
American imperialism. The U.S. military forces
had finished their withdrawal on June 29, 1949.
Kim, on the other hand, had been proposing a
peaceful unification since June 1949 until June
19, 1950, six days before the invasion (see Suh,
1988: 105, 113, 120).
Stalin had
been providing Kim with planes, heavy artillery
and tanks, while Mao was handing over 40,000
veteran Korean soldiers in the ranks of the
Communist Chinese army.7
In May, Stalin dispatched a new team of
Soviet army officers to finalize the details of
the invasion plan. The heavily armed 200,000-man
North Korean army unleashed an attack on the
lightly armed 100,000-man South Korean army at
4:00 a.m. on June 25, 1950.
Khrushchev remembers (ibid:
401-2): ¡°I must stress that the war wasn¡¯t
Stalin¡¯s idea, but Kim¡¯s. Kim was the initiator.
Stalin, of course, didn¡¯t try to dissuade him. ¡¦
I don¡¯t condemn Stalin for encouraging Kim. ¡¦ We
wished every success to Kim and toasted the
whole North Korean leadership, looking forward
to the day when their struggle would be
won.¡±
General MacArthur remembers
(1964: 328, 330): ¡°The South Koreans had four
divisions along the 38th Parallel. They ¡¦ were
equipped and organized as a constabulary force,
not as troops of the line. ¡¦ The decision ¡¦ had
been made by the State Department. The argument
advanced ¡¦ was that it was a necessary measure
to prevent the South Koreans from attacking
North Korea.¡±8
The Soviet explosion of an
atomic device in August, 1949 had ended the
American atomic monopoly. There followed the
expulsion of Jiang Jieshi from mainland China,
and the concentration of Communist Chinese
forces along the border of Indochina, where the
French were waging a losing battle against the
Viet Minh.9 Communist
rebels stepped up pressure on British Malaya and
the pro-U.S. Philippines. Now the North Korean
invasion across the 38th parallel thrust the
Korean peninsula into global center stage.
Khrushchev remembers (ibid:
402-3): ¡°when Kim was preparing for his march,
Stalin called back all our advisors who were
with the North Korean divisions and regiments¡¦.
I asked Stalin about this, and he snapped back
at me, ¡®It¡¯s too dangerous to keep our advisors
there. They might be taken prisoner. We don¡¯t
want there to be evidence for accusing us of
taking part in this business. It¡¯s Kim¡¯s
affair.¡¯ ¡¦ The designated hour arrived and the
war began. The attack was launched successfully.
The North Koreans swept south swiftly. But what
Kim had predicted—an internal uprising after the
first shots were fired and Syngman Rhee was
overthrown—unfortunately failed to
materialize.¡±10
The first contingent of the
U.S. Eighth Army, the Smith Company of the 24th
Division, landed at Pusan on July 1st. Stalin
had never wanted to fight the U.S. army in the
Korean Peninsula. On July 4th, Stalin appointed
Kim as the supreme commander of North Korean
army, and cleared himself and the Soviet Union
out of the war. Few people have paid attention
to the fact that Kim became the Supreme
Commander only 10 days after the date of
invasion. From that date on, Kim had to handle
the fightings against the UN forces until he
handed the command over to Peng De-huai on
October 24th, 1950, months after the complete
destruction of the North Korean army.
Truman believed that appeasement
would lead to further communist
aggression
Truman acted swiftly, approving the dispatch
of the U.S. army, and acquiring a Security
Council resolution to send in UN forces by June
28.11 General MacArthur
inspected the Han River frontier on June 29, and
the first contingent of the U.S. army landed on
Pusan on July 1. MacArthur was selected on July
14 to command the UN forces. The ROK-U.S. forces
managed to form a defense perimeter along the
Nak-tong River in the southeastern corner of the
peninsula. Jiang Jieshi offered to send the
Nationalist Chinese troops to join the UN
forces. The world speculated on a vast Asiatic
Dunkirk.
On July 23, MacArthur (1964: 346) cabled
Washington: ¡°Operation planned mid-September is
amphibious landing of a two division corps in
rear of enemy lines for purpose of enveloping
and destroying enemy forces in conjunction with
attack from south by Eighth Army. I am firmly
convinced that early and strong effort behind
his front will sever his main lines of
communications and enable us to deliver a
decisive and crushing blow. The alternative is a
frontal attack which can only result in a
protracted and expensive campaign.¡±
MacArthur¡¯s ingenuous landing operation at
Inchon on September 15 completely reversed the
tide of war, and the UN forces pushed northward.
Stalin asked Mao to rescue Kim, promising air
cover for the Chinese troops and even direct
Soviet involvement in case the Chinese were
defeated.12
Khrushchev remembers (ibid: 405): ¡°Zhou
En-lai had flown to see Stalin on the
instructions of Mao. By this time the North
Korean army was nearly decimated. Zhou asked
Stalin whether Chinese troops ought to be moved
into North Korean territory in order to block
the path of the Americans and South Koreans. ¡¦
Then they agreed that China should give active
support to North Korea. Chinese troops were
already stationed along the border. Stalin and
Zhou believed these troops could manage the
situation completely. ¡¦ Zhou En-lai flew back to
Beijing.¡±
War between communism and
capitalism
Stalin believed
that a Third World War between communism and
capitalism was inevitable, but he wanted to
determine the time and place for the final
showdown. Unification of the Korean Peninsula by
Kim would provide a springboard for an invasion
of Japan, but Stalin did not want the Korean War
to become the main battleground between the
Soviet Union and the U.S.; Europe within one or
two decades, Stalin thought, was the right place
to deliver the death blow to world imperialism.
Stalin did not want to see Mao improving
relations with the U.S. and achieving a
hegemonic role in East Asia. The progress in the
Korean War had to be carefully manipulated as to
let Mao carry the greatest part of the burden of
diverting the U.S. forces from Europe to Asia
and at the same time burn Mao¡¯s bridges to
West.13
On October 19, about 200,000 Chinese
¡°People¡¯s Volunteers¡± started to cross the Yalu
River.14 Mao¡¯s elder son
was killed by a bomb attack on November 25. On
November 29, MacArthur wired Washington,
urgently recommending the incorporation of the
Chinese Nationalist troops into UN command. On
January 4, 1951, the UN forces lost Seoul once
again. The Soviet air force did not enter
operations until January 10, 1951 (see Chen,
1994, p. 289).
MacArthur (1964: 378) received the following
message from the Joint Chiefs of Staff: ¡°if
thereafter the Chinese Communists mass large
forces against your positions with an evident
capability of forcing us out of Korea, it then
would be necessary under these conditions to
direct you to commence a withdrawal to Japan.¡±
Mao began entertaining the idea of wiping out
the ROK forces and expelling the U.S. army from
the peninsula, but General Ridgway, who took
command of the Eighth Army on December 26, 1950
following the accidental death of General
Walker, could stabilize the defense line and
began limited offensives.15
With the failure of the Fifth Offensive,
that was launched from April to June in 1951
with 700,000 soldiers, Mao arrived at the
conclusion that it would be impossible to win
the war. Stalin stationed 12 air force divisions
in Manchuria on rotation, and the Soviet air
force commander later boasted to have shot down
1,300 American airplanes during the War, at a
loss of 345 Soviet fighter planes.16
Khrushchev remembers (ibid: 406): ¡°China
didn¡¯t declare war but simply sent volunteers
into Korea. These troops were commanded by Peng
De-huai, whom Mao held in the highest esteem. ¡¦
Peng gave his situation reports to Mao. ¡¦
declared categorically that the enemy would be
surrounded and finished off by decisive flanking
strikes. ¡¦ Unfortunately, the war wasn¡¯t ended
quickly at all. The Chinese suffered many huge
defeats. ¡¦ The war began to draw out. As the two
sides dug in, the fighting became bloodier and
bloodier. The fronts seemed to be
stabilizing.¡±
MacArthur remembers (1964: 384): ¡°I now began
to formulate long-range plans for destroying the
Chinese forces in Korea. My decisive objective
would be their supply lines. ¡¦ I would sever
Korea from Manchuria by laying a field of
radioactive wastes across all the major lines of
enemy supply. ¡¦ Then, reinforced by Nationalist
Chinese troops ¡¦ and with American reinforcement
on the way, I would make simultaneous amphibious
and airborne landings at the upper end of both
coasts of North Korea.¡±
By the middle of March, the UN forces reached
the 38th parallel. MacArthur believed that the
Cold War would be won or lost in the Korean War.
He wanted to bomb Manchuria and use the Chinese
Nationalist forces in Korea. On April 11, 1951,
Truman relieved MacArthur of his command because
of his adhesion to expanding the scope of war, a
position strongly opposed by Winston Churchill.
The truce negotiation that began on July 10,
1951 dragged on. Japan regained independence by
signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty of
September 8, 1951. The communists behaved like a
victor at the truce talks, and the war of
attrition continued.17
a Nuclear ultimatum for a quick
conclusion of truce negotiation
General Dwight Eisenhower had served
MacArthur as an aide. Eisenhower was elected
president in 1952 with the implicit promise of
ending what had become a most unpopular war, the
Korean War, as quickly as possible. His son John
was fighting in the War as a lieutenant. In less
than a month after taking office in January,
Eisenhower raised the nuclear option at a
meeting of the NSC. By this time, the U.S. had
stockpiled 1,161 atomic bombs, deemed enough to
wage a Third World War, if necessary. 18 Secretary of State John
Dulles delivered a nuclear ultimatum to Mao
through Premier Nehru of India to coerce the
Communists into a quick conclusion of truce
negotiations.
Stalin died on March 5, 1953. Rhee, on the
other hand, hindered the truce talks by
releasing, on June 18, 1953, the 26,930
anti-Communist prisoners of war who did not want
to return to the North.19
General Clark, who replaced Ridgway as
Commander of the UN forces in May, 1952,
prepared a plan for a coup d¡¯état against Rhee.
On July 4, the communist negotiators agreed to
the provision of returning POWs on a voluntary
basis only. Rhee, after winning some major
concessions from the U.S., including a mutual
defense pact, promised not to disrupt the truce
talks any more. On July 27, the ceasefire was
agreed to and implemented.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
|
[°¢ÁÖ]
1 Syngman Rhee was born in 1875. He completed
a traditional classical education and then
entered an American Methodist high-school in
Seoul where he learned English. In 1896, he
joined the Independence Society to reform the
monarchy and repel the Japan¡¯s colonial designs,
but ended up in prison between 1898 and 1904 for
supporting the idea of a popularly elected
national assembly. On his release, he went to
the United States, where he received a B.A. from
George Washington University in 1907 (studying
humanities and social sciences), an M.A. from
Harvard University in 1908 (studying
international relations and history), and a Ph.D
in international law from the department of
political science, Princeton University, in
1910, the same year that Japan annexed Korea. He
was a close friend of President Woodrow Wilson¡¯s
family. Rhee came back to Korea in 1910, but
fearing arrest by the Japanese colonial rulers,
he fled to the U.S. in 1912. Rhee met the
Democratic candidate for president and his
former teacher, Woodrow Wilson, in an effort to
gain his support for Korea, but Wilson told Rhee
that international intervention to gain Korea¡¯s
independence from Japan was inappropriate. See
Burton I. Kaufman (1999: 101).
2 Kim Il-sung was born in 1912, and his
family moved to Manchuria in 1919. When Japan
occupied Manchuria in 1932, Kim joined guerrilla
resistance against the Japanese. Kim escaped
from the Japanese extermination campaigns to the
Soviet Far East sometime in 1939 or 1940, and
led a Korean contingent as a captain in the
Soviet Army. See Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita
(1993: 131).
3 Directive to the Soviet Ambassador in North
Korea, September 24, 1949: ¡°At the present the
tasks of the struggle for the unification of
Korea demand a concentration of a maximum
effort, in the first place, to the development
of the partisan movement, the creation of
liberated regions and the preparation of a
general armed uprising in South Korea in order
to overthrow the reactionary regime and
successfully resolve the task of unifying all
Korea, and secondly, to further strengthen in
every way the Peoples¡¯ Army of Korea.¡± Kaufman
(1999: 119)
4 See Stueck (1995: 30-1) and Goncharov,
Lewis, and Lita (1993: 135-6). According to Suh
(1988: 121), more than 3,000 guerrillas were
sent south from September 1949 to March
1950.
5 Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers,
commentary by Edward Crankshow, translated by
Strobe Talbott (1971). Stueck (2002: 2-3) notes
that their legitimacy and/or accuracy was
questioned in some circles.
6 See Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita (1993:
213-4, 136-7, and 138-54).
Ciphered Telegram from Shtykov to Vishinsky,
January 19, 1950: ¡°Kim stated that when he was
in Moscow, Comrade Stalin said to him ¡¦ in case
of an attack on the north of the country by the
army of Rhee Syngman, then it is possible to go
on the counteroffensive to the south of Korea.
But since Rhee Syngman is still not instigating
an attack, it means that the liberation of the
people of the southern part of the country and
the unification of the country are drawn out,
that he (Kim Il Sung) thinks that he needs again
to visit Comrade Stalin and receive an order and
permission for offensive action by the People¡¯s
Army for the purpose of the liberation of the
people of Southern Korea. Further Kim said that
he himself cannot begin an attack, because he is
a communist, a disciplined person and for him
the order of Comrade Stalin is law.¡± Kaufman
(1999: 120)
Ciphered Telegram from Stalin to Shtykov,
January 30, 1950: ¡°¡¦he must understand that such
a large matter in regard to South Korea such as
he wants to undertake needs large preparation.
The matter must be organized so that there would
not be too great a risk.¡± Kaufman (1999:
121)
7 See Stueck (1995: 62). About 10,000 of
these veteran soldiers were from the 166th
Division of Communist Chinese Army and
designated as the 6th Division, the 1st Corps of
the North Korean Army that took Seoul in three
days. See Noh (2000: 411).
8 See Douglas MacArthur (1964). MacArthur
was born in 1880 as the son of a general and
graduated from West Point in 1903, receiving the
highest grades ever recorded there to date. He
served as aide to Theodore Roosevelt, and
commanded a brigade during World War I. In 1930,
he was named by Herbert Hoover as chief of staff
of the army. He retired from the army in 1937,
but was recalled by Franklin D. Roosevelt to
active duty in 1941, named Supreme Commander of
the Southwest Pacific Theatre, and then
appointed by Harry S. Truman as the Supreme
Commander of the Allied Forces in Japan in
September, 1945. He drafted a liberal
constitution for Japan, allowing Hirohito to
remain as emperor.
9 As the result of Sino-French War (1883-5),
French colonial rule had been substituted for
Chinese suzerainty over Annam. Ho Chi-minh
founded the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930,
believing in the importance of the revolutionary
role of oppressed peasants. He stayed in Yan¡¯an
for a few months in 1938 with Mao.
10 Park Heon-yung, the leader of Communist
operation in South Korea, ¡°would have preferred
a popular uprising to a military conquest to
reclaim his leadership in the South, but since
his followers and his underground agents were
all arrested in the South, Park would have to
agree to military action. ¡¦ Park is alleged to
have told Kim that once the Korean People¡¯s Army
started a military action to liberate the South,
some 200,000 loyal followers of his
organizations in the south would rise up and
overthrow the South Korean Regime. Kim [on
February 8, 1963] ¡¦ told ¡¦ that Park was a liar
and there had not been even 1,000 members, let
alone 200,000 (see Suh, 1988, p. 121).¡±
11 Harry Truman was born in 1884 in Missouri,
and operated a family farm and then a shop until
1921. Truman was elected to the Senate in 1934,
picked by Roosevelt as vice-president, and then
elevated to the presidency in April 1945 on
Roosevelt¡¯s death in office. Truman made the
decisions to drop the atomic bombs against
Japan, implement the Marshall Plan in 1947,
overcome the Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948
with massive airlifts, and build the H-bomb in
January 1950. Truman believed that
appeasement à la the Munich Agreement of 1938
would only lead to further communist aggression,
and hence made a swift decision to send the U.S.
troops to Korea. On December 1, 1950 (New
York Times), Truman even made a statement that
he would not rule out the possibility of using
atomic weapons. The U.S., however, had possessed
only 298 atomic bombs at that time, a number
deemed insufficient to prosecute a Third World
War if that were to come about.
12 See Goncharov, Lewis, and Litai (1993:
216).
13 See ibid. (1993: 207, 210 and 212).
14 ¡°For Kim the war ended as early as October
1950 when the Chinese volunteers took over the
fight. ¡¦ they ¡¦ demanded that Kim stay clear of
their management of the war. ¡¦ Peng is alleged
to have told Kim that the Korean War was a fight
between himself and General MacArthur, and Kim
had no part in it.¡± Suh (1988: 137)
15 Chen (2001: 85) notes that: ¡°When China
entered the Korean War in October 1950, Mao
Zedong and the Beijing leadership intended to
win a glorious victory by driving the Americans
out of Korea. Nine months later the cruel
reality of the battlefield forced the Beijing
leadership to adjust this goal.¡±
16 See B. C. Noh (2000: 175).
17 According to Chen (1994: 220-3), ¡°China¡¯s
participation in the war caused the loss of tens
of thousands of its soldiers on the battlefield,
forced the expenditures of billions of dollars
on military purposes at the expense of China¡¯s
economic reconstruction, prevented Beijing from
recovering Taiwan ¡¦ But from Mao¡¯s
perspective, China¡¯s gain was considerable.
China¡¯s involvement in the Korean War stimulated
a series of political and social revolution in
China that would have been otherwise
inconceivable during the early stage of the new
republic. During the three years of the war,
along with the ¡®Great Movement to Resist America
and Assist Korea¡¯ ¡¦ CCP had effectively
strengthened its organizational control of
Chinese society and dramatically increased its
authority in the minds of the Chinese people. ¡¦
Mao was therefore more confident and
enthusiastic than ever before to take a series
of new steps to transform China, including the
collectivization of agriculture, the
nationalization of industry, the anti-rightist
campaign, and the Great Leap Forward. ¡¦ The
Korean War also symbolized China¡¯s rise to
prominence in the international arena. ¡¦ For the
first time in its modern history China had
succeeded in confronting a coalition of Western
powers and emerging undefeated. ¡¦ They could not
forget that as the result of Stalin¡¯s ¡®betrayal¡¯
at a crucial junction, China had to begin
military operations in Korea without Soviet air
support, ¡¦ As a result, Mao and the other
Beijing leaders would put more emphasis on
¡®self-reliance¡¯ ¡¦ the prelude of the future
Sino-Soviet split.¡± 18 See Noh
(2000: 400) for the number of atomic bombs.
19 Stueck (2002: 172-4) notes that: ¡°Zhou
En-lai initiated exploration of possible
concessions on the POW issue, but ¡¦ Stalin
advised firmness on the POW issue, Mao offered
no dissent. ¡¦ Stalin consistently advised Mao to
take a tough position in the armistice talks. At
the same time, the Soviet premier always showed
determination to avoid direct Soviet embroilment
with the Americans over Korea. ¡¦ What is certain
is that Stalin¡¯s successors moved quickly to
advocate moves to end the war, and the Chinese
offered no resistance.¡±
|
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