ÆíÁý : 9.13 È­ 10:04

 

HOME>»ç¼³/Ä®·³

Çѱ¹ÀüÀï : ¾ç±ØÃ¼Á¦ ¼¼°èÀÇ º¯µÎ¸®¿¡¼­
[È«¿øÅ¹ÀÇ µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿ª»ç ¹Ù·Îº¸±â]

 

È«¿øÅ¹ wthong@wontockhong.pe.kr

 

±èÀϼºÀÌ ³²Ä§°áÁ¤À» ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç ¿äÀÎ(é©ì×)Àº 1949³â 6¿ùÀÇ ¹Ì±ºÃ¶¼ö, Áß±¹º»Åä¿¡¼­ °ø»ê´çÀÇ ½Â¸®, Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ ¹æ¾î¼± ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â 1950³â 1¿ù ¹Ì ±¹¹«Àå°üÀÇ ¼º¸í µîÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÚÇ念Àº ³²Ä§°³½Ã Áï½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ 20¸¸¿© ¸íÀÌ ºÀ±â¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´Ü¾ðÇß°í, ±èÀϼº ¿ª½Ã À쫆 ̦¼öÇÑ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ Çѹݵµ·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ¿Ã ½Ã°£¿©À¯°¡ ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÀüÀïÀÌ »¡¸® ³¡³ª¸®¶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù ÇÑ´Ù.

±èÀϼºÀº À̽¸¸ Á¤ºÎ ¿äÀÎ(é©ìÑ)µéÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ½ÃÀý Ä£ÀÏ ¼ºÇâÀ» °­Á¶ÇØ ³²ÇÑÁ¤ºÎÀÇ Á¤Å뼺À» ÈѼÕÇϰí, ¹Ì Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ë¿¹È­ À§Ç輺°ú ¹ÎÁ·Áö»óÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼±ÀüÇÏ¿© ¹Ì±¹°ú ¹Ì±ºÀ» ³²ÇÑ ±¹¹Îµé ¸¶À½¼ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®½ÃŰ·Á ³ë·ÂÇß¾ú´Ù. (ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ç½Ã ³²ÇÑÀÇ ¾ð·Ð, ¿µ»ó¸Åü, ±³À°ÇöÀå µîÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Ä£ÀÏÆÄ ½ÇŸ¦ öÀúÈ÷ ÆÄ¾ÇÇØ È«º¸ÇÒ ½Ã°£Àû ¿©À¯µµ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Í °°´Ù. ¶Ç, ¹Ì±¹ ³»¿¡ ÇøÇÑ(úîùÛ) °¨Á¤À» È®»ê½Ãų ¼ö´Üµµ ¾ø¾ú°í, ³²ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¹Ý¹Ì Á¤±Çµµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ÂüÀüÀ» ÀúÁöÇÒ ³»ºÎÀû ¼ö´Üµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.])

±èÀϼºÀº ÀÏÂïÀÌ 1949³â 3¿ù¿¡ ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡°Ô ³²Ä§ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ŸÁøÇß¾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº, 1950³â 4¿ù, ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÇ ½ÂÀÎÀ» ¾òÀ¸¶ó´Â ´Ü¼­¸¦ ´Þ¾Æ ³²Ä§À» ½ÂÀÎÇß´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº ³²Ä§ 6ÀÏ ÀüÀÎ 1950³â 6¿ù 19ÀϱîÁö ÆòÈ­Àû ÅëÀÏÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº 3Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇ ÇÏ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾úÁö¸¸, À¯·´À̾߸»·Î °áÁ¤Å¸¸¦ ³¯¸®´Âµ¥ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÑ Àå¼Ò¶ó°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 7¿ù 1ÀÏ¿¡ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ »ó·úÇÏÀÚ, ½ºÅ»¸°Àº 7¿ù 4ÀÏÀÚ·Î ±èÀϼºÀ» Á¶¼±Àιαº ÃÖ°í»ç·É°üÀ¸·Î ÀÓ¸íÇÏ°í ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ Á÷Á¢Àû ¿¬°ü ÈçÀûÀ» Á¦°ÅÇß´Ù. ±× ³¯ºÎÅÍ ±èÀϼºÀÌ UN±º°úÀÇ ÀüÅõ¸¦ Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Ù°¡, ºÏÇѱºÀº ±«¸êµÇ¾ú°í, 10¿ù 24ÀÏ¿¡ Áß±¹ÀιÎÁö¿ø±º »ç·É°ü ÆØ´öȸ¿¡°Ô ÁöÈÖ±ÇÀ» À̾çÇÑ´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ °³¼±ÇÏ¿© µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÆÐ±ÇÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀÇ ÁøÇàÀ» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô Á¶ÀÛÇØ¼­, ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý À¯·´À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ·Î º´·ÂÀ» À̵¿½ÃŰ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ºÎ´ãÀ» È¥ÀÚ Áöµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡, ¸ðÅõ¿À» ¼­¹æ°ú ¿¬°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸®¸¦ ¸ðÁ¶¸® Å¿ö¹ö¸®·Á Çß´Ù.  º» ¿¬Àç´Â ¿µ¹®°ú ±¹¹®¹ø¿ªÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. Text In PDF .../ÆíÁýÀÚ ÁÖ

Çѱ¹ÀüÀï: ¾ç±ØÃ¼Á¦ ¼¼°èÀÇ º¯µÎ¸®¿¡¼­



¼­¿ï´ë ¸í¿¹±³¼ö È«¿øÅ¹

ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ ´Ù±Ø(Òýп)ÀÇ ¼¼°è

1853³â, ¹Ì±¹ ÇØ±º Æä¸® Á¦µ¶ÀÌ À̲ô´Â ÇÔ´ë´Â ÀϺ» ÇØ¾È¿¡ ÁøÀÔÇØ, µµÄí°¡¿Í ¸·ºÎ Á¤±Ç¿¡°Ô °³±¹À» °­¿äÇß´Ù. ÀϺ»±¹¹ÎÀº ¼î±º(íâÏÚ)À» ÂѾƳ»°í »õ»ï Ȳ½ÇÀÇ ±ÇÀ§ ¾Æ·¡ ´Ü°áÇÏ¿© ¸íÄ¡À¯½Å(1868-1912)À̶õ À̸§À¸·Î ¼­±¸È­-°ø¾÷È­¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇß°í, ¼­±¸¿­°­ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¸ð¹æÇϸ鼭 ûÀÏÀüÀï(1894-5)¿¡¼­ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. 1903³â, Á¦Á¤ ·¯½Ã¾Æ´Â ÀϺ»¿¡°Ô Çѹݵµ 39µµ¼± À̳²¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹èŸÀû ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ ÇØ ÁÙ Å×´Ï 39µµ¼± À̺ÏÀº Á߸³È­ÇÏÀÚ´Â Á¦¾ÈÀ» Çß´Ù. ÀϺ» Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±× Á¦¾ÈÀ» °ÅÀýÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ·¯ÀÏÀüÀï(1904-5)¿¡ ½Â¸®ÇÏ¿© Á¶¼±À» º¸È£·ÉÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. À¯»çÀÌ·¡ Á¤º¹¿ÕÁ¶¸¦ Çѹøµµ °æÇèÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ø Çѱ¹Àº 1910³â¿¡ ÀϺ»¿¡ º´ÅºÇÕº´ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1919³â 3¿ù 1ÀÏ, Çѹݵµ Àü Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀϺ»ÀÎ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð ½ÃÀ§°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. 1943³â 12¿ù 1ÀÏ, ·ç½ºº§Æ®, óĥ, Àå°³¼®Àº Ä«À̷Πȸ´ã¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹ÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÑ ´Ü°è¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í µ¶¸³µÈ ³ª¶ó°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í õ¸íÇß´Ù.

¾ç±Ø(å»Ð¿) ¼¼°èÀÇ º¯µÎ¸®¿¡¼­

Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·ÆÀÎ 1945³â 8¿ù ÃÊ, ¹Ì±¹°ú ¼Ò·ÃÀº 38µµ¼±À» ¾ç±¹ ±º´ëÀÇ Çѹݵµ Á¡·ÉÁö¿ª °æ°è¼±À¸·Î ¼³Á¤Çß´Ù. 1948³â 5¿ù 10ÀÏ, ³²ÇÑ¿¡¼­´Â UN ÁÖ°ü ÇÏ¿¡ ¼±°Å°¡ ½ÃÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. 8¿ù 15ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇѹα¹ÀÌ ¼ö¸³µÇ°í 73¼¼ÀÇ À̽¸¸ÀÌ ´ëÅë·É¿¡ ÃëÀÓÇß´Ù. 1 ½ºÅ»¸°Àº °°Àº ÇØ 9¿ù 9ÀÏ¿¡ 33¼¼ÀÇ ±èÀϼºÀ» ¼ö¹ÝÀ¸·Î ºÏÇÑ¿¡ Á¶¼± ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÀιΰøÈ­±¹À» ¼ö¸³Çß´Ù. 2

1949³â 3¿ù, ±èÀϼºÀº ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡°Ô ³²ÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±º»çÀû °ø°Ý °¡´É¼ºÀ» ŸÁøÇß´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº °ø°ÝÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǹé (³²Á¶¼± °ø»êÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ ¹ÚÇ念ÀÌ ¸» ÇØÁØ´ë·Î) Áï½Ã Àü±¹ÀûÀÎ ºÀ±â°¡ ÀϾ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¸ç ½ºÅ»¸°À» ¼³µæÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù. 1949³â 4¿ù, NATO°¡ °á¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±èÀϼºÀÇ ¹ß»óÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¹Ì±ºÀÌ 6¿ù¿¡ ³²ÇÑ¿¡¼­ ö¼ö¸¦ ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡µµ °è¼Ó ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô °Ô¸±¶ó ÀüÀ» Àü°³Ç϶ó°í Á¾¿ëÇß´Ù. 3 6¿ù°ú 9¿ù »çÀÌ, ±èÀϼºÀº ³²ÇÑ¿¡¼­ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ °Ô¸±¶ó ÀüÀ» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ Æ¯¼ö ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¹ÞÀº 1,200¸íÀÇ ÀüÅõ¿ä¿øÀ» ³»·Á º¸³ÂÀ¸³ª, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °Ô¸±¶ó Á¶Á÷Àº ³²ÇÑ ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ÒÅÁµÇ¾ú´Ù. 4

"Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀº ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±èÀϼºÀÇ »ý°¢"

ÈÄ·ç½ÃÃÊÇÁ´Â ±×ÀÇ È¸°í·Ï(1971: 400-1)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"1949³â ¸», ±èÀϼºÀº ½ºÅ»¸°°ú ÇùÀǸ¦ Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¼öÇà¿ø Àϴܰú ÇÔ²² µµÂøÇß´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀεéÀº ³²ÇÑÀ» ÃÑÄ®·Î Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÇß´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº Çѹø¸¸ Â¸é ³²ÇÑÀÌ ³»ºÎÀûÀ¸·Î Æø¹ßÇØ ¹ö¸± °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ´ç¿¬È÷ ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ±èÀϼºÀÇ ¹ß»ó¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô ´Ù½Ã Çѹø Àß °ËÅ並 ÇÏ°í °è»êÀ» Á» ÇØ º» ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ °èȹÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿Àµµ·Ï ¼³µæÇß´Ù" 5

1950³â 1¿ù 12ÀÏ, ¹Ì ±¹¹«Àå°ü ¾ÖÄ¡½¼Àº ³»¼Å³Î ½Å¹®±âÀÚ Å¬·´¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹Àº ±º»çÀû °ø°ÝÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì ÀϺ»-¿ÀŰ³ª¿Í-Çʸ®ÇÉ ÀÌ¿Ü Áö¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â º¸ÁõÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶õ ¿¬¼³À» ÅëÇØ Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ ¹æ¾î¼± ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÔÀåÀ» õ¸íÇß´Ù. ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ µÎ ´Þ ÈÄÀÎ 4¿ù Áß, ±èÀϼºÀº ³²ÇÑ °ø»êÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ¿´´ø  (1946³â¿¡ ¿ùºÏ ÈÄ ºÏÇÑ ÜùâÏßÓ °â èâßÓ) ¹ÚÇ念°ú ÇÔ²² ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¸¦ ã¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. À̹ø¿¡´Â ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÇ ½ÂÀÎÀ» ¾òÀ¸¶ó´Â ´Ü¼­¸¦ ´Þ¾Æ ³²ÇÑ Ä§°øÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇß´Ù. 6

Èå·ç½ÃÃÊÇÁ´Â ȸ°í·Ï(1971: 401-2)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"±èÀϼºÀº ÁýÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¼­ ¸ðµç °èȹÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼ö¸³ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼º°øÀ» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â ´ç½Ã ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô È®½ÅÀ» ¸øÇß´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â¾ïÇÑ´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¶Ù¾îµéÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î °ÆÁ¤À» Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀüÀïÀÌ »¡¸® ³¡³¯ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢À¸·Î ±â¿ï¾ú´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ À绡¸® ½Â¸®·Î ³¡³­´Ù°í È®½ÅÇß´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °³ÀÔµµ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¸ðÅõ¿¿¡°Ô ±èÀϼºÀÇ Á¦¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØ¸¦ ¹°¾ú´Ù. ¸ðÅõ¿Àº ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë´äÇß´Ù. ¸ðÅõ¿Àº ±èÀϼºÀÇ Á¦¾ÈÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇϸ鼭, À̹ø ÀüÀïÀº ±¹³»¹®Á¦À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÀüÀï¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾ÈÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÀǰßÀ» °³ÁøÇß´Ù. ¼Ò·ÃÀº ÀÌ¹Ì »ó´ç±â°£ ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ¹«±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ÅÊÅ©, ´ëÆ÷, ¼ÒÃÑ, ±â°üÃÑ, °øº´Àåºñ, ´ë°øÆ÷ µîÀ» Á¦°ø¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇß´Ù"

¼­´ë¼÷(1988: 112, 121)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±èÀϼºÀÌ ³²Ä§ °áÁ¤À» ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç ÇÙ½É ¿äÀεéÀº ¡â¹Ì±ºÃ¶¼ö ¡âÁß±¹º»Åä¿¡¼­ÀÇ °ø»ê´çÀÇ ½Â¸® ¡â¾ÖÄ¡½¼ÀÇ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ¹Ì ¹æÀ§¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¸í µîÀÌ´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹ÚÇ念Àº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô ³²Ä§ °³½Ã Áï½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ 20¸¸¿© ¸íÀÌ ºÀ±â¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´Ü¾ðÇß°í, ±èÀϼº ¿ª½Ã À쫆 ̦¼öÇÑ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ Çѹݵµ·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ¿Ã ½Ã°£¿©À¯°¡ ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÀüÀïÀÌ »¡¸® ³¡³ª¸®¶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.

±èÀϼºÀº À̽¸¸ Á¤ºÎ ¿äÀεéÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ½ÃÀý Ä£ÀÏ ¼ºÇâÀ» °­Á¶ÇØ ³²ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¤Å뼺À» ÈѼÕÇϰí, ¹Ì Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ë¿¹È­ À§Ç輺°ú ¹ÎÁ·Áö»óÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼±ÀüÇÏ¿© ¹Ì±¹°ú ¹Ì±ºÀ» ³²ÇÑ ±¹¹Îµé ¸¶À½ ¼ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®½ÃŰ·Á ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±ºÀº 1949³â 6¿ù 29ÀÏ¿¡ ö¼ö¸¦ ¿Ï·áÇß¾ú´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº 1949³â 6¿ùºÎÅÍ ³²Ä§ 6ÀÏ ÀüÀÎ 1950³â 6¿ù 19ÀϱîÁö ÆòÈ­Àû ÅëÀÏÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 7

½ºÅ»¸°Àº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô ºñÇà±â, ÁßÇü ´ëÆ÷¿Í ÀüÂ÷ µîÀ» Á¦°øÇØ ¿Ô°í, ¸ðÅõ¿Àº Áß±¹ ÀιÎÇØ¹æ±º¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ø ¾à 4¸¸ ¸íÀÇ °íÂü Çѱ¹ÀÎ º´»çµéÀ» ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô ³Ñ°ÜÁÖ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 8 1950³â 5¿ù, ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¼¼ºÎÀû ħ°ø°èȹÀ» ¼ö¸³Çϰí ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î È®Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇØ »õ·Î¿î ÆÀÀÇ ¼Ò·Ã±º Àå±³´ÜÀ» ÆÄ°ßÇß´Ù. 1950³â 6¿ù 25ÀÏ »õº® 4½Ã, Áß¹«ÀåÀ» ÇÑ 20¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ºÏÇѱºÀº °¡º±°Ô ¹«ÀåÀ» ÇÑ 10¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ³²ÇÑ ±º´ë¿¡ °ø°ÝÀ» °³½ÃÇß´Ù.

Èå·ç½ÃÃÊÇÁ´Â ȸ°í·Ï(1971: 401-2)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"³ª´Â ±× ÀüÀïÀÌ ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±èÀϼºÀÇ »ý°¢À̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀÌ ¹ú¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ±èÀϼºÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¹Ù²Ù·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ ±èÀϼºÀ» ºÎÃß±ä °ÍÀ» Ã¥ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±èÀϼºÀÇ ¼º°øÀ» ¹Ù¶ú°í, ÅõÀï¿¡ ½Â¸®ÇÒ ³¯À» °í´ëÇÏ¸ç ºÏÇÑ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡°Ô Ãà¹è¸¦ µé¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù"

¸Æ¾Æ´õ À屺Àº ȸ°í·Ï(1964: 328, 330)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"³²ÇÑÀº 38µµ¼±À» µû¶ó 4°³ÀÇ »ç´ÜÀ» ¹èÄ¡Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³²ÇÑ ±º´ë´Â Àϼ±¿¡¼­ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ±º´ë·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Ä¡¾ÈÀ¯Áö º´·ÂÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷µÇ°í ÀåºñµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¹«¼º¿¡¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸»ÀÎÁï, ³²ÇÑÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á¶Ä¡¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù" 9

1949³â 8¿ù, ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ¿øÆøÀåÄ¡ Æø¹ßÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿øÀÚÆøÅº µ¶Á¡¿¡ Á¾¸»À» °íÇß´Ù. °ðÀ̾î Àå°³¼®ÀÌ Áß±¹º»Åä¿¡¼­ ÃàÃâµÇ¾ú°í, ÇÁ¶û½º°¡ º£Æ®³²°úÀÇ ÀüÅõ¿¡¼­ ¹Ð¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ÀεµÂ÷À̳ª ±¹°æÁö´ë¿¡ Áß±¹ ÀιÎÇØ¹æ±ºÀÌ Áý°áÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¸ðÅõ¿Àº ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡°Ô ȣġ¹Î Á¤±ÇÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Ç϶ó°í ¼³µæÇß´Ù. 10 ¿µ·É ¸»¶ó¾ß¿Í Ä£¹Ì Çʸ®ÇÉ¿¡¼­´Â °ø»ê ¹Ý±ºµéÀÌ ¾Ð·Â¼öÀ§¸¦ ³ôÀ̰í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼­ ºÏÇѱºÀÌ 38µµ¼±À» ³Ñ¾î¿ÈÀ¸·Î Çѹݵµ´Â Àü¼¼°è ¹«´ëÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ ¼­°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Èå·ç½ÃÃÊÇÁ´Â ȸ°í·Ï(1971: 402-3)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"±èÀϼºÀÌ Áø±ºÀ» ÁغñÇÒ ¶§, ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ºÏÇѱº »ç´Ü°ú ¿¬´ë¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾îÀÖ´ø ¼Ò·Ã±º °í¹®´ÜµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ö¼ö½ÃÄ×´Ù. ³»°¡ ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡°Ô ±× ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¹¯ÀÚ, ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ³»°Ô È­¸¦ ³»¸ç ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù '¿ì¸® °í¹®´ÜÀ» °Å±â ³õ¾ÆµÐ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª À§ÇèÇÑ ÁþÀÎ ÁÙ ¾Æ´À³Ä? Æ÷·Î°¡ µÇ¸é ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ´À³Ä? ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ ÀÏ¿¡ °³ÀԵǾú´Ù°í Ã߱à ¹ÞÀ» Áõ°Å°¡ »ý±â¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀº ±èÀϼºÀÇ »ç¾÷ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù' ¡¦ Á¤ÇØÁø ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¿Ô°í, ÀüÀïÀº ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ħ°øÀº ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÏÇѱºÀº À绡¸® ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾µ¾î³»·Á °¬´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ ù° ¹ø ÃѼº°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ³»ºÎ ¹Ý¶õÀÌ ÀϾ°í À̽¸¸ÀÌ ½Ç°¢µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ±èÀϼºÀÇ ¿¹ÃøÀº ½ÇÇöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.¡± 11

¹Ì 8±º ÈÖÇÏ Á¦24»ç´ÜÀÇ ½º¹Ì½º Áß´ë°¡ 7¿ù 1ÀÏ ¼±¹ß´ë·Î ºÎ»ê¿¡ »ó·úÀ» Çß´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº Çѹݵµ¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±º°ú ½Î¿ì±â¸¦ °áÄÚ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, 7¿ù 4ÀÏÀÚ·Î ±èÀϼºÀ» ºÏÇѱº ÃÖ°í»ç·É°üÀ¸·Î ÀÓ¸íÇϰí ÀڽŰú ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ Á÷Á¢Àû ¿¬°ü ÈçÀûÀ» Á¦°ÅÇß´Ù. 6¿ù 25ÀÏ¿¡ ³²Ä§À» °³½ÃÇÑÁö 10ÀÏÀÌ Áö³­ 7¿ù 4ÀÏ¿¡ ºñ·Î¼­ ÃÖ°í»ç·ÉºÎ°¡ Á¶Á÷µÇ°í ±èÀϼºÀÌ Á¶¼±Àιαº ÃÖ°í»ç·É°ü¿¡ (ÃÖ¿ë°ÇÀÌ ºÎ»ç·É°ü¿¡) ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ º°·Î ¾ø´Â °Í °°´Ù. ±× ³¯ºÎÅÍ 110Àϰ£ ±èÀϼºÀº UN±º°úÀÇ ÀüÅõ¸¦ Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Ù°¡, ºÏÇѱºÀº ±«¸êµÇ°í, 10¿ù 24ÀÏ¿¡ Áß±¹ÀιÎÁö¿ø±º »ç·É°ü ÆØ´öȸ¿¡°Ô ÁöÈÖ±ÇÀ» À̾çÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Æ®·ç¸¸Àº À¯È­Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ °ø»êħ·«À» Á¶ÀåÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù

Æ®·ç¸¸Àº À绡¸® ÇൿÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ÆÄ°ßÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇϰí, 6¿ù 28ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î À¯¿£ ¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåÀÌ»çȸÀÇÀÇ À¯¿£±º ÆÄº´ °áÀǾÈÀ» ¾ò¾î³Â´Ù. 12 ¸Æ¾Æ´õ À屺Àº 6¿ù 29ÀÏ¿¡ ÇѰ­ Àü¼±À» ½ÃÂûÇß°í, 7¿ù 1ÀÏ¿¡´Â ¹Ì±ºÀÇ Ã¹ ºÎ´ë°¡ ºÎ»ê¿¡ »ó·úÇß´Ù. 7¿ù 14ÀÏ, ¸Æ¾Æ´õ´Â À¯¿£±º ÃÑ»ç·É°üÀ¸·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. Çѱ¹±º°ú ¹Ì±ºÀº Çѹݵµ ³²µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ³«µ¿°­À» µû¶ó ¹æ¾î¼±À» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. Àå°³¼®Àº ´ë¸¸ÀÇ Á¤ºÎ±ºÀ» À¯¿£±º¿¡ Âü¿©½Ã۶ó´Â Á¦¾ÈÀ» Çß´Ù. ¼¼°è´Â ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÆÇ Dunkirk ´ë±Ô¸ð ö¼ö »çŸ¦ ¿¹ÃøÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

1950³â 7¿ù 23ÀÏ, ¸Æ¾Æ´õ(1964: 346)´Â ¿ö½ÌÅÏÀ¸·Î Àü¹®À» º¸³Â´Ù. 

"9¿ù Áß¼ø, Àû ÈĹ濡 2°³ »ç´Ü º´·ÂÀ¸·Î »ó·úÀÛÀüÀÌ °èȹµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ³²ÂÊÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 8±ºÀÇ °ø°Ý°ú ¿¬°èÇÏ¿© Àû±ºÀ» Æ÷À§ ¼¶¸êÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â Ãʱ⠴ܰ迡¼­ °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô Àû ÈĹæÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ¿© ÁÖ º¸±Þ·Î¸¦ Â÷´Ü½Ã۸é Àû¿¡°Ô °áÁ¤ÀûÀ̰í Ä¡¸íÀûÀΠöÅ𸦠°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ±»°Ô ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¤¸é °ø°ÝÀ» ÅÃÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀüÅõ°¡ ±æ¾îÁö°í ¸¹Àº Èñ»ýÀÌ µû¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù"

9¿ù 15ÀÏ, ¸Æ¾Æ´õÀÇ ÃµÀçÀûÀÎ ÀÎõ »ó·úÀÛÀüÀº Àü¼¼¸¦ ¿ªÀü½ÃÄ×°í, UN±ºÀº ºÏÀ¸·Î Áø°ÝÇß´Ù. (±èÀϼºÀº ÀûÈ­ÅëÀÏÀÇ ²ÞÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«»ê½ÃŲ ÀÎõ»ó·ú ÀÛÀü°ú ¸Æ¾Æ´õ¿¡°Ô õÃß À¯ÇÑÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) ½ºÅ»¸°Àº Áß°ø±º¿¡°Ô °ø±ºÀÇ ¾öÈ£¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí, Áß°ø±ºÀÌ ÆÐÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ Á÷Á¢ °³ÀÔÇÑ´Ù°í ¾à¼ÓÀ» Çϸ鼭 ¸ðÅõ¿¿¡°Ô ±èÀϼºÀ» ±¸¿øÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ¿äûÇß´Ù. 13

Èå·ç½ÃÃÊÇÁ´Â ȸ°í·Ï(1971: 405)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"ÁÖÀº·¡°¡ ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÇ ÁöħÀ» ¹Þ°í ½ºÅ»¸°À» º¸·¯ ³¯¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ´ç½Ã ºÏÇѱºÀº °ÅÀÇ ±«¸êµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÁÖÀº·¡´Â ¹Ì±º°ú Çѱ¹±ºÀÇ Áø·Î¸¦ Â÷´ÜÇϱâ À§ÇØ Áß±¹ ÀιÎÇØ¹æ±ºÀ» ºÏÇÑ ¶¥À¸·Î ÁøÀÔ½ÃÄÑ¾ß Çϴ°¡¸¦ ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Áß±¹ÀÌ ºÏÇÑ¿¡ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ Áö¿øÀ» ÇØ ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ ÇÕÀǸ¦ Çß´Ù. ÀιÎÇØ¹æ±ºÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±¹°æÁö´ë¿¡ Æ÷ÁøÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°°ú ÁÖÀº·¡´Â ÀÌÁ¤µµ º´·ÂÀÌ¸é »çŸ¦ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼ö½ÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ÁÖÀº·¡´Â ´Ù½Ã ºÏ°æÀ¸·Î ³¯¾Æ°¬´Ù"

°ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¼¼°è »çÀÌÀÇ ÀüÀï

½ºÅ»¸°Àº °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¼¼°è¿Í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¼¼°è »çÀÌ¿¡ 3Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇ ÇÏ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¸¶Áö¸· °áÀüÀÇ ¶§¿Í Àå¼Ò¸¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °áÁ¤Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇß´Ù. ±èÀϼº¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çѹݵµ ÅëÀÏÀº ÀϺ»À» ħ°øÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹ßÆÇÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ½ºÅ»¸°Àº Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀÌ ¼Ò·Ã°ú ¹Ì±¹ »çÀÌÀÇ ÁÖ ÀüÀåÅͰ¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº À¯·´ÀÌ 10³â-20³â À̳»¿¡ ¼¼°è Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹Ú¸êÇÏ´Â °áÁ¤Å¸¸¦ ³¯¸®´Âµ¥ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÑ Àå¼Ò¶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ °³¼±ÇÏ¿© µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÆÐ±ÇÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀÇ ÁøÇàÀ» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô Á¶ÀÛÇØ¼­ ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý À¯·´À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ·Î º´·ÂÀ» À̵¿½ÃŰ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ºÎ´ãÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» È¥ÀÚ Áöµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡, ¸ðÅõ¿À» ¼­¹æ°ú ¿¬°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸®¸¦ ¸ðÁ¶¸® Å¿ö¹ö¸®µµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. 14

1950³â 10¿ù 19ÀÏ, ¾à 20¸¸ ¸íÀÇ 'ÀιΠÀǿ뱺'ÀÌ ¾Ð·Ï°­À» °Ç³Ê±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 15 11¿ù 25ÀÏ, ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÇ Àå³²ÀÌ Æø°ÝÀ¸·Î »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. 11¿ù 29ÀÏ, ¸Æ¾Æ´õ´Â ºü¸¥ ½ÃÀÏ ³»¿¡ Àå°³¼®ÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ UN±º »ç·ÉºÎ »êÇÏ·Î ÆíÀÔ½Ãų °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â Àü¹®À» º¸³Â´Ù. 1951³â 1¿ù 4ÀÏ, À¯¿£±ºÀº ¼­¿ïÀ» ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã »©¾Ñ°å´Ù. ¼Ò·Ã °ø±ºÀº 1951³â 1¿ù 10ÀÏ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÀüÅõ¿¡ Âü°¡Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 16

¸Æ¾Æ´õ´Â ÇÕµ¿Âü¸ðº»ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Àü¹®À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

"¾ÕÀ¸·Î Áß±¹ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¸¦ Çѱ¹ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ÂÑ¾Æ ³»º¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ÃæºÐÇÑ ±Ô¸ð·Î Àü¼±¿¡ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ±º´ë¸¦ Áý°á½ÃŲ´Ù´Â »çŰ¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±× Á¶°Ç ÇÏ¿¡¼­´Â ±Í°ü¿¡°Ô ÀϺ»À¸·Î ö¼ö¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸íÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù"

´ç½Ã ¸ðÅõ¿Àº Çѱ¹±ºÀ» ¼¶¸êÇϰí, UN±ºÀ» Çѹݵµ¿¡¼­ ÃàÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿öÄ¿ À屺ÀÌ ÀÚµ¿Â÷ »ç°í·Î Á×Àº ´ÙÀ½, ±× ÈÄÀÓÀ¸·Î 1950³â 12¿ù 26ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î 8±ºÀÇ ÁöÈÖ¸¦ ¸ÃÀº ¸®Áö¿þÀÌ À屺Àº ¹æ¾î¼±À» ¾ÈÁ¤È­ ½Ã۰í Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ±Ô¸ð³ª¸¶ °ø°ÝÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 17 1951³â 4¿ùºÎÅÍ 6¿ù±îÁö 70¸¸ ¸íÀ» µ¿¿øÇÑ Á¦5Â÷ ´ë°ø¼¼°¡ ½ÇÆÐ·Î ³¡³ªÀÚ, ¸ðÅõ¿Àº Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ½Â¸®°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº 12°³ Ç×°ø»ç´ÜÀ» ¹ø°¥¾Æ °¡¸ç ¸¸ÁÖ¿¡ ÁֵнÃÄ×´Ù. ÀüÀï ÈÄ, ¼Ò·Ã °ø±º »ç·É°üÀº Çѱ¹ÀüÀï Áß, ´Ü 345´ëÀÇ ¼Ò·Ã ÀüÅõ±â ¼Õ½Ç·Î 1,300´ëÀÇ ¹Ì±º ºñÇà±â¸¦ °ÝÃß½ÃÄ×´Ù°í ÀÚ¶ûÀ» Çß´Ù. 18

Èĸ£½ÃÃÊÇÁ´Â ȸ°í·Ï(1971: 406)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"Áß±¹Àº ¼±ÀüÆ÷°í¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ±×³É Àǿ뱺À» Çѹݵµ·Î º¸³Â´Ù. ÀÌµé ±º´ë´Â ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÌ °¡Àå ÁßÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â ÆØ´öȸ°¡ ÁöÈÖ¸¦ ¸Ã¾Ò´Ù. ÆØ´öȸ´Â »óȲº¸°í¿¡¼­, Àû±ºÀ» Æ÷À§¿Í Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÁÖ ³¡ÀåÀ» ³»¹ö¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ´Ü¾ðÇß´Ù. ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ ¸»Ã³·³ ±×·¸°Ô »¡¸® ³¡ÀÌ ³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Áß°ø±ºÀº ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÆÐ¹è¸¦ ´çÇß´Ù. ÀüÀïÀº ÁúÁú ²ø¾î°¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¾çÃøÀÌ ÂüÈ£¸¦ ÆÄ°í µé¾î ¾É¾Æ¹ö¸®ÀÚ, ÀüÀå¿¡¼­´Â Á¡Á¡ ´õ »ç»óÀÚ ¼ö°¡ Ä¿Áö±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. Àü¼±Àº ±³Âø»óÅ¿¡ ºüÁö´Â °Í °°¾Ò´Ù"

¸Æ¾Æ´õ´Â ȸ°í·Ï(1964: 384)¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

"³ª´Â Áß°ø±ºÀ» Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ¼¶¸êÇÒ Àå±â°èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ³» °áÁ¤Àû ¸ñÇ¥¹°Àº ±×µéÀÇ º¸±Þ·ÎÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀûÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä º¸±Þ·Î Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¹æ»ç´É Æó±â¹°À» »Ñ·Á Çѱ¹À» ¸¸ÁַκÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý ¿À°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Áõ¿ø±º°ú, ´ë¸¸ÀÇ ±¹¹Î´ç ±º´ë·Î º¸°­À» ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½, ºÏÇÑÀÇ ºÏÂÊ ³¡ ¾çÂÊ ÇØ¾ÈÀ¸·Î »ó·ú°ú °øÁß³«Çϸ¦ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ½Ç½ÃÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù"

1951³â 3¿ù Áß¼ø, À¯¿£±ºÀº 38µµ¼±¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. ¸Æ¾Æ´õ´Â ³ÃÀüÀÌ Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ À̱âµçÁö ÁöµçÁö °áÆÇÀÌ ³ª¸®¶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¸¸ÁÖ¸¦ Æø°ÝÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇß°í, Àå°³¼®ÀÇ ±¹¹Î´ç ±º´ë¸¦ Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿øÇß´Ù. 1951³â 4¿ù 11ÀÏ, Æ®·ç¸¸ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº, ¸Æ¾Æ´õ°¡ (¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã³Ä¥ ¼ö»óÀÌ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â) ÀüÀïÈ®´ë¸¦ °è¼Ó °íÁýÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î À¯¿£±º »ç·É°ü Á÷À§¿¡¼­ ÇØÀÓ½ÃÄ×´Ù.

1951³â 6¿ù 10ÀÏ¿¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ ÈÞÀüÇù»óÀº ÁúÁú ²ø±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 1952³â 9¿ù 8ÀÏ, ÀϺ»Àº »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ °­È­Á¶¾àÀ» ü°áÇÏ°í µ¶¸³À» ȸº¹Çß´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÈÞÀüÇù»ó¿¡¼­ ¸¶Ä¡ ½ÂÀü±¹ÀÎ ¾ç ÇൿÀ» Çß°í, ¼Ò¸ðÀû ÀüÀïÀº °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. 19

ÈÞÀüÇù»óÀ» ÃËÁøÅ° À§ÇÑ ÇÙÀüÀï À§Çù

¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÀÏÂïÀÌ ¸Æ¾Æ´õÀÇ ºÎ°ü ³ë¸©À» Çß¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Àα⠾ø´Â ÀüÀïÀÌ µÇ¾î¹ö¸° Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ÃÖ´Ü ½ÃÀÏ ³»¿¡ Á¾°á½ÃŲ´Ù´Â ¾Ï¹¬ÀûÀÎ °ø¾àÀ» Çϰí 1952³â¿¡ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé ÀÜÀº ´ç½Ã Çѱ¹Àü¿¡¼­ ÁßÀ§·Î ½Î¿ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1¿ù ´Þ¿¡ ÃëÀÓÇÑ ÈÄ ÇÑ´Þ µµ ä ¾ÈµÇ¾î, ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö´Â ±¹°¡¾ÈÀüº¸ÀåȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ ÇÙÆøÅº »ç¿ë ¼±ÅñÇÀ» °Å·ÐÇß´Ù. ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹Àº, ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é 3Â÷ ´ëÀüÀ» Ä¡·¯µµ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù°í ÆÇÁ¤µÇ´Â ¼ö·®ÀÎ 1,161°³ÀÇ ÇÙÆøÅºÀ» Á¦Á¶, º¸À¯Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ú·¹½º ±¹¹«Àå°üÀº, °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÈÞÀüÇù»óÀ» Á¶¼ÓÈ÷ Á¾°á½Ã۵µ·Ï À¯µµÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ÀεµÀÇ ³×·ç ¼ö»óÀ» ÅëÇØ ¸ðÅõ¿¿¡°Ô ÇÙÆøÅº »ç¿ë ÃÖÈÄÅëøÀ» Àü´ÞÇß´Ù.

½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ 1953³â 3¿ù 5ÀÏ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ À̽¸¸Àº ºÏÂÊÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¼ÛȯÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â 2¸¸ 6,930¸íÀÇ ¹Ý°ø Æ÷·ÎµéÀ» 1953³â 6¿ù 18ÀÏ ³¯ ¼®¹æÇØ, ÈÞÀüÇù»óÀ» ¹æÇØÇß´Ù. 20 1952³â 5¿ù¿¡ ¸´Áö¿þÀÌ ÈÄÀÓÀ¸·Î À¯¿£±º »ç·É°ü¿¡ ÀÓ¸íµÈ Ŭ¶óÅ© À屺Àº À̽¸¸À» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÄíÅן °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù. 1953³â 7¿ù 4ÀÏ, °ø»êÃø Çù»ó ´ëÇ¥µéÀº, Æ÷·Îµé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯Àǻ翡 µû¶ó ¼ÛȯÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¹æÄ§¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù. À̽¸¸Àº »óÈ£¹æÀ§Á¶¾à µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÃøÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¾çº¸ Á¦¾ÈÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÈÞÀüÇù»óÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù´Â ¾à¼ÓÀ» Çß´Ù. 1953³â 7¿ù 27ÀÏ, ÈÞÀüÇùÁ¤Àº Á¶Àεǰí Áï½Ã ÀÌÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.


µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ¿ª»ç °­ÀÇ: 3-8 (2005. 9. 10.)
¨Ï 2005 by Wontack Hong      
All rights reserved

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.eastasianhistory.pe.kr/
http://www.wontackhong.pe.kr/


[°¢ÁÖ]

1. À̽¸¸Àº 1875³â¿¡ ž´Ù. ±×´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÇÑÇÐ ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, 1894³â¿¡ ¼­¿ïÀÇ ¸Þ¼Òµð½ºÆ® °èÅë ¹èÀçÇд翡 µé¾î°¡ ¿µ¾î¸¦ ¹è¿ü´Ù. 1896³â, ¿ÕÁ¤À» °³ÇõÇϰí ÀϺ»ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¾ß¿åÀ» Ãß¹æÇÏ·Á°í µ¶¸³Çùȸ¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏ¿© Ȱµ¿À» ÇÏ´Ù°¡ (ÀÏ¹Ý ¼±°Å·Î ÀÇȸ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â) Á¤ºÎ Àüº¹ Á˸ñÀ¸·Î 1898³â¿¡ Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1904³â¿¡ Ãâ¿ÁÇÏÀÚ, À̽¸¸Àº ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î °Ç³Ê°¡ George Washington ´ëÇп¡¼­ Àι®»çȸ °èÅëÀÇ °øºÎ¸¦ ÇÏ¿© 1907³â¿¡ ÇлçÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ°í, Harvard ´ëÇп¡¼­´Â ±¹Á¦°ü°è¿Í ¿ª»ç °øºÎ¸¦ ÇÏ¿© 1908³â¿¡ ¼®»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ°í, Princeton ´ëÇÐÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Çаú¿¡¼­´Â ±¹Á¦¹ýÀ» Àü°øÇØ, Çѱ¹ÀÌ ÀϺ»¿¡ ÇÕº´µÈ 1910³â¿¡, ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. À̽¸¸Àº Woodrow Wilson ´ëÅë·É Áý¾È°ú´Â Princeton´ëÇÐ ÃÑÀå ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ °¡±î¿î Ä£±¸·Î Áö³Â´Ù. 1910³â¿¡ ±Í±¹ÇÏ¿© Àá½Ã YMCAÀÇ ÀÏÀ» º¸°í, ÁßÇб³ ±³Àå ³ë¸©À» Çß´Ù. 1912³â, ÀÏÁ¦ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ´ç±¹ÀÇ Ã¼Æ÷ À§Çù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î µµÇÇÇß´Ù. À̽¸¸Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½º½ÂÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ì±¹ ¹ÎÁÖ´ç ´ëÅë·É È帰¡ µÈ Woodrow WilsonÀ» º¸°í Çѱ¹À» Áö¿øÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ûÇßÁö¸¸, WilsonÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çѱ¹À» µ¶¸³½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦Àû °£¼·ÀÌ ºÎÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù´Â ¸»À» µé¾ú´Ù. 1919³â 4¿ù, »óÇØ¿¡ ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ°¡ ¼ö¸³µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÃÊ´ë ±¹¹«ÃѸ®°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, 1920³â¿¡´Â ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Burton I. Kaufman (1999: 101) ÂüÁ¶.

2. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº 1879³â¿¡ Á¶Áö¾Æ¿¡¼­ ž, ·¹´Ñ »ç¸Á ÈÄ, 1924³â¿¡ Áý±ÇÀ» Çß´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº 1912³â¿¡ ž°í, 1919³â¿¡ °¡Á· ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸¸ÁÖ·Î ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ Çß´Ù. 1932³â¿¡ ÀϺ»ÀÌ ¸¸ÁÖ¸¦ Á¡·ÉÇÏÀÚ, ±èÀϼºÀº Ç×ÀÏ °Ô¸±¶ó ¿îµ¿¿¡ °¡´ãÇß´Ù. ÈÄ¿¡ ÀÏÁ¦°¡ °Ô¸±¶ó ¹Ú¸ê ÀÛÀüÀ» Àü°³ÇÏÀÚ, 1939³â(ȤÀº 1940³â)¿¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ±Øµ¿Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î °Ç³Ê°¡ ¼Ò·Ã±º ´ëÀ§·Î Çѱ¹ÀÎ ºÎ´ë¸¦ ÁöÈÖÇß´Ù. Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita ( 1993: 131) ÂüÁ¶.
    
3. ¼Ò·Ã Á¤ºÎ°¡ 1949. 9. 24ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î ºÏÇÑ ÁÖÀç ¼Ò·Ã´ë»ç¿¡°Ô º¸³½ ÈÆ·É: ¡°Çѹݵµ ÅëÀÏÀ» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ» ÇÏ´Â Çö ½ÃÁ¡ÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â, ù°·Î »¡Ä¡»ê ¿îµ¿À» °³¹ßÇϰí, ÇØ¹æ Áö±¸¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³»°í, ¹Ýµ¿ Á¤±ÇÀ» ÂѾƳ» Çѱ¹ ÅëÀÏÀ» ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â Àü¹ÝÀû ¹«ÀåºÀ±â¸¦ ÁغñÇϰí, µÑ°·Î, ÀιαºÀ» ¸ðµç ¸é¿¡¼­ Á»´õ °­È­Çϴµ¥ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» °æÁÖ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.¡± Kaufman (1999: 119)

4. Stueck (1995: 30-31) ÂüÁ¶. ¼­´ë¼÷(1988: 121)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 1949³â 9¿ùºÎÅÍ 1950³â 3¿ù±îÁö 3,000¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ °Ô¸±¶óµéÀÌ ³²ÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.

5. Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, commentary by Edward Crankshow, and translated by Strobe Talbott (Little Brown, 1970; Bantam, 1971). Stueck (2002: 2-3)Àº ÀϺΠ¼­Å¬¿¡¼­ ÀÌ È¸°í·ÏÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼º-Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ÀǽÉÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

6. Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita ( 1993: 213-4, 136-7, 138-54) ÂüÁ¶.

ºÏÇÑÁÖÀç ¼Ò·Ã ´ë»ç Shtykov°¡ 1950. 1. 19ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î Vishinsky¿¡°Ô º¸³½ Àü¹® ÇØµ¶: "±èÀϼºÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¿¡ °¬À» ¶§ ½ºÅ»¸° µ¿¹«°¡ Àڱ⿡°Ô À̽¸¸ ±º´ë°¡ ºÏÂÊÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ¸é ³²ÇÑÀ¸·Î ¹Ý°ÝÀ» ÇØ ³»·Á°¡µµ ÁÁ´Ù°í ¸»Çߴµ¥, À̽¸¸ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ °ø°Ý ÇÒ »ý°¢À» ¾ÈÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ³²ÇÑ µ¿Æ÷¸¦ ÇØ¹æÇϰí ÅëÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Áö¿¬µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ´Ù½Ã ½ºÅ»¸° µ¿¹«¸¦ ã¾Æº¸°í, ³²ÇÑ ±¹¹ÎÀ» ÇØ¹æÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀιαºÀÌ °ø°ÝÀ» ÇØµµ ÁÁ´Ù´Â Çã°¡¿Í ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹ÞÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀº, ÀÚ½ÅÀº °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚÀ̸ç, ±ÔÀ²À» Á¸ÁßÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̰í, ¶Ç Àڽſ¡°Ô´Â ½ºÅ»¸° µ¿¹«ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÌ ¹ýÀ̳ª ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, Àڱ⠸¶À½´ë·Î °ø°ÝÀ» ½ÃÀÛ ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù" Kaufman (1999: 120)

StalinÀÌ 1950. 1. 30ÀÏ ÀÚ·Î Shtykov¿¡°Ô º¸³½ Àü¹® ÇØµ¶: "±èÀϼºÀº ±×·¸°Ô Å« »ç¾÷À» ¹ú¸®·Á¸é ´ë´ëÀûÀÎ Áغñ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ³Ê¹« Å« À§ÇèºÎ´ãÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï »ç¾÷ÀÌ Á¶Á÷µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù" Kaufman (1999: 121)

7. ¼­´ë¼÷ (1988: 105, 113, 120) ÂüÁ¶. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±èÀϼºÀÌ ´ç½Ã ³²ÇÑÀÇ ¾ð·Ð, ¿µ»ó¸Åü, ±³À°ÇöÀå µîÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í, Ä£ÀÏÆÄ ½ÇŸ¦ öÀúÈ÷ ÆÄ¾ÇÇØ È«º¸ÇÒ ½Ã°£Àû ¿©À¯µµ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, º° È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Í °°´Ù. ¶Ç, ¹Ì±¹ ³»¿¡ ÇøÇÑ(úîùÛ) °¨Á¤À» È®»ê½Ãų ¼ö´Üµµ ¾ø¾ú°í, ³²ÇÑÀÇ À̽¸¸ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¹Ý¹Ì Á¤±Çµµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ÂüÀüÀ» ÀúÁöÇÒ ³»ºÎÀû ¼ö´Üµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

8. Stueck (1995: 62) ÂüÁ¶. ÀÌµé °íÂü º´»çµé Áß 1¸¸ ¸íÀº Áß°ø±º 166»ç´Ü Ãâ½ÅÀ¸·Î, 3ÀÏ ¸¸¿¡ ¼­¿ïÀ» Á¡·ÉÇÑ ºÏÇѱº 1±º´ÜÀÇ Á¦6»ç´ÜÀ¸·Î °³ÆíµÇ¾î ¹æÈ£»ê(Û°ûÛߣ)ÀÇ ÁöÈÖ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 6»ç´ÜÀº ³²Ä§ 1°³¿ù ¸¸ÀÎ 7¿ù 25ÀÏ¿¡ ¼øÃµ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù. Áß°ø±º 20»ç´Ü Ãâ½Å º´»çµéÀº ÁߺÎÀü¼± ÃáõÁö¿ªÀ» °ø°ÝÇÑ ºÏÇѱº 2±º´ÜÀÇ Á¦7»ç´ÜÀ¸·Î °³ÆíµÇ¾ú°í, Áß°ø±º 164»ç´Ü Ãâ½ÅÀº ±èâ´ö ÁöÈÖ ¾Æ·¡ µ¿ÇØ¾È °£¼±µµ·Î¿¡ ÅõÀÔµÈ ºÏÇѱº Á¦5»ç´ÜÀ¸·Î °³ÆíµÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ëº´Ãµ (2000: 411), Çѱ¹ÀüÀï»ç 1 (1992: 118) ÂüÁ¶.

9. Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (1964) ÂüÁ¶.

10. ûÇÁÀüÀï(1883-5)ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ûÁ¶ÀÇ ¾È³² Áö¹è´Â ÇÁ¶û½º ½Ä¹ÎÅëÄ¡·Î ´ëüµÇ¾ú´Ù. È£Áö¸íÀº 1890³â¿¡ °¡³­ÇÑ ½Ã°ñ ÇÐÀÚÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î ž´Ù. ¿Â°® ÀâÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» ¶°µ¹´Ù°¡ °ñ¼ö °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1930³â¿¡ ÀεµÂ÷À̳ª °ø»ê´çÀ» ¼ö¸³Çß°í, Çõ¸íÀ» ¼öÇàÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î, ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â ³ó¹Îµé ¿ªÇÒÀÇ Á߿伺À» ½ÅºÀÇß´Ù. 1938³â, ¸ðÅõ¿°ú ¿¬¾È¿¡¼­ ¸î ´ÞÀ» ÇÔ²² Áö³Â´Ù.

11. (1925³â¿¡ Á¶¼±°ø»ê´çÀ» â°ÇÇß°í) ³²ÇÑ °ø»ê´çÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚÀ̾ú´ø ¹ÚÇ念Àº, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³²ÇÑ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áöµµ·ÂÀ» ȸº¹Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ±º»çÀû ħ°ø º¸´Ù´Â ¹ÎÁߺÀ±â¸¦ ¼±È£Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé°ú ÁöÇÏ Á¶Á÷¿øµéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐ üÆ÷µÇÀÚ, ¹ÚÇ念Àº ±º»ç Çൿ¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¹ÚÇ念Àº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô, ÀÏ´Ü ÀιαºÀÌ ³²Ä§À» ½ÃÀÛÇϸé 20¸¸ ¿©¸íÀÇ Ãæ¼º½º·¯¿î ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ºÀ±âÇÏ¿© ³²ÇÑ Á¤±ÇÀ» Àüº¹½Ãų °Í À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù ÇÑ´Ù. 1963³â 2¿ù 8ÀÏ(Àιαº â¼³ 15Áֳ⠱â³äÀÏ), ±èÀϼºÀº ¹ÚÇ念ÀÌ °ÅÁþ¸»ÀåÀ̾ú°í, ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ°¡ 20¸¸Àº °í»çÇϰí 1,000¸íµµ ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ºñ³­À» ÆÛºÎ¾ú´Ù. ¼­´ë¼÷ (1988: 121)

12. Æ®·ç¸¸Àº 1884³â¿¡ ¹ÌÁ¶¸® ÁÖ¿¡¼­ ž, 1921³â±îÁö °¡Á· ³óÀåÀ» °æ¿µÇÏ´Ù°¡ »óÁ¡À» ¿î¿µÇÏ¸ç »ì¾Ò´Ù. 1934³â¿¡ »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø¿¡ ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú°í, ·ç½ºº§Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÎÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ¹ßŹµÇ¾î 1945³â¿¡ ·ç½ºº§Æ®°¡ Á×ÀÚ ´ëÅë·É Á÷À§¸¦ ½Â°èÇß´Ù. Æ®·ç¸¸Àº 1945³â ÀϺ»¿¡ ¿øÆøÅõÇÏ °áÁ¤À» ³»·È°í, 1947³â¿¡ ¸¶¼£ Ç÷£À» ½ÃÇàÇß°í, 1948³â¿¡ ´ë±Ô¸ð °ø¼ö¸¦ ´ÜÇàÇÏ¿© ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ º£¸¦¸° ºÀ¼â¸¦ ±Øº¹Çß°í, 1950³â 1¿ù¿¡´Â ¼ö¼ÒÆøÅº »ý»êÀ» °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. Æ®·ç¸¸Àº (1938³âÀÇ ¹ÀÇîãÒ) À¯È­Á¤Ã¥Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ Ä§·«À» Á¶ÀåÇÒ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Çѱ¹ ÆÄº´À» ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô °áÁ¤Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 1950³â 12¿ù 1ÀÏ (New York Times), Æ®·ç¸¸Àº ÇÙ¹«±â »ç¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ¼º¸í±îÁö Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹Àº ¿øÀÚÆøÅºÀ» (3Â÷´ëÀüÀÌ ÀϾ °æ¿ì ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô ´ëÀÀÇϱ⿡ Å©°Ô ºÎÁ·ÇÑ) 298°³ ¹Û¿¡ º¸À¯Çϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿øÀÚÆøÅº ¼ýÀÚ´Â ³ëº´Ãµ (2000: 400) ÂüÁ¶.

13. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai (1993: 216) ÂüÁ¶.

14. Àü°è¼­ (1993: 207, 210, 212) ÂüÁ¶.

15. "±èÀϼºÀ¸·Î¼­´Â Áß±¹ Àǿ뱺ÀÌ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ³Ñ°Ü ¹ÞÀº 1950³â 10¿ù¿¡ ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³­ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô ÀüÀï ¿î¿µ¿¡ ÀÏü °£¼·À» ¸»¶ó°í ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ÆØ´öȸ´Â ±èÀϼº¿¡°Ô, Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀº ÀڽŰú ¸Æ¾Æ´õ À屺 »çÀÌÀÇ ½Î¿òÀÌ´Ï±î ±èÀϼºÀº ¾Æ¹« ¿ªÇÒµµ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù ÇÑ´Ù" ¼­´ë¼÷ (1988: 137)

16. Chen (1994: 289) ÂüÁ¶.

17. Chen(2001: 85)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, "1950³â 10¿ù, Áß°ø±ºÀÌ Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÒ ¶§, ¸ðÅõ¿°ú ºÏ°æ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº Çѹݵµ¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±ºÀ» ¸ô¾Æ³¿À¸·Î ¿µ±¤½º·¯¿î ½Â¸®¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ »ý°¢À̾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ 9°³¿ùÀÌ Áö³ª º¸´Ï ÀüÅõÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Çö½ÇÀº ºÏ°æ ÁöµµÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù"

18. ´ç½Ã ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ 1°³ Ç×°ø»ç´ÜÀº ¾à 120´ë ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÀüÅõ±â·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹Ì±º Àü»çÀÚ´Â ¾à 5¸¸ 4,000¸í, ºÎ»óÀÚ´Â 10¸¸¸í, Àüºñ ÃѾ×Àº 540¾ïºÒ·Î Ãß»êµÇ¾ú´Ù. Noh (2000: 175, 401) ÂüÁ¶.

19. Chen(1994: 220-3)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé: "Áß°ø±ºÀÇ Çѱ¹ÀüÀï Âü¿©·Î ¼ö¸¹Àº º´»çµéÀÌ ÀüÀå¿¡¼­ Á×¾ú°í, °æÁ¦ Àç°Ç¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö½Ê¾ï ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ ¼Ò¸ðµÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ë¸¸ Á¡·É ±âȸµµ »ó½ÇÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðÅõ¿ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º»´Ù¸é Áß±¹Àº ¾òÀº °ÍÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ½Å»ý±¹°¡ Ãʱâ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ µµÀúÈ÷ »ó»óµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû-»çȸÀû Çõ¸íÀÌ °íÃëµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×Çϰí Á¶¼±À» µ½ÀÚ´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ´ë´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÈ 3³â µ¿¾È, Áß±¹ °ø»ê´çÀº Áß±¹»çȸ Àü¹Ý¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Á¶Á÷Àû ÅëÁ¦¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î °­È­Çß°í, Áß±¹ ÀÎ¹Îµé ¸¶À½ ¼Ó ±íÀÌ ´çÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ¢½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðÅõ¿Àº Áß±¹À» º¯ÇõÇÒ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÒ È®½Å°ú ÀÇ¿åÀÌ »ý°å°í, Áý´Ü³óÀåÈ­, »ê¾÷±¹À¯È­, ¹Ý-¿ìÀÍ Ä·ÆäÀÎ, ´ë¾àÁø¿îµ¿ µîÀ» Àü°³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀº ¶Ç ±¹Á¦¹«´ë¿¡¼­ Áß±¹ÀÌ °¢±¤À» ¹Þ´Â °è±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿ª»ç»ó óÀ½À¸·Î ¼­±¸¿­°­¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ ÆÐ¹èÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °áÁ¤Àû ¼ø°£¿¡ ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ ¹è¹ÝÀ» ÇÏ¿©, ¼Ò·Ã °ø±ºÀÇ ¾öÈ£¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀüÅõ¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß Çß´ø (1950³â 10¿ù 19ÀÏ-1951³â 1¿ù 10ÀÏ ±â°£ Áß) »ç½ÇÀ» ÀØÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðÅõ¿À» À§½ÃÇÑ ºÏ°æ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ¸³À» °­Á¶ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ¡¦ ÀÌ´Â Àå·¡ Áß-¼Ò °áº°ÀÇ ÀüÁÖ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù"

20. Stueck(2002: 172-4)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, "ÁÖÀº·¡°¡ Æ÷·Î ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾çº¸ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ŸÁøÇÏÀÚ, ½ºÅ»¸°Àº °­°æÀÚ¼¼¸¦ ±ÇÇß°í, ¸ðÅõ¿Àº ÀÌÀǸ¦ Á¦±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¸ðÅõ¿¿¡°Ô ÈÞÀüȸ´ã¿¡¼­ °­°æÀÚ¼¼¸¦ °ßÁöÇ϶ó°í °è¼Ó ±ÇÇß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ºÅ»¸° ÀÚ½ÅÀº Çѱ¹ ¹®Á¦·Î ¹Ì±¹°ú ´ë°áÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù. ÇѰ¡Áö ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº, ½ºÅ»¸° »çÈÄ¿¡ ±× ÈİèÀÚµéÀÌ ÀüÀï Á¾½ÄÀ» À§ÇØ À绡¸® ¿òÁ÷¿´°í, Áß±¹µµ ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù"

 

 

The Korean War

at the periphery of a bipolar world

Wontack Hong
Professor Emeritus, Seoul University

a transient multi-polar world

In 1853, U.S. Commodore Perry and his fleet arrived off the coast of Japan and forced the Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1868) to open up the nation. The Japanese people threw out the shogunate, gathered together under the authority of the imperial court, and commenced westernization-cum-industrialization in the name of Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), emulating the Western colonialism-imperialism and winning the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5. In 1903, Czarist Russia had offered the Japanese the exclusive right in the Korean peninsula below the 39th parallel and neutralization of the area north of it. The offer was rejected by the Imperialist Japanese, who won the ensuing Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and made Chosun a Japanese protectorate. Korea, which had never experienced a foreign conquest dynasty, was annexed by Japan in 1910; nationwide demonstrations against Japanese rule broke out on March 1, 1919; and, at the Cairo Conference of December 1, 1943, Roosevelt, Churchill and Jiang Jieshi stated that ¡°in due course Korea shall become free and independent.¡± 

at the periphery of a bipolar world

In August 1945, in the final days of World War II, the Americans and Soviets agreed to take the 38th parallel as the dividing line of the Korean peninsula between Soviet and U.S. occupation zones. On May 10, 1948, a general election was carried out in the South under the auspices of United Nations, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) was established on August 15 with 73-year-old Rhee Syng-man as president.1 Stalin established a Democratic People¡¯s Republic (DPRK) in the North on September 9, 1948 with 33-year-old Kim Il-sung as the chief of state.2

Kim Il-sung broached the possibility of a military invasion of the South with Stalin in March, 1949. Kim tried to persuade Stalin that a popular uprising in the South would immediately be triggered by the invasion. NATO was formed in April, 1949. Stalin did not reject Kim¡¯s idea in principle but, even after the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the South in June, kept encouraging his client to pursue guerrilla warfare.3 Between June and September, Kim indeed dispatched 1,200 specifically-trained fighters across the 38th parallel to intensify the on-going communist guerrilla war in the South, but most of the organized guerrilla units were eventually wiped out by the ROK army.4

¡°the war wasn¡¯t Stalin¡¯s idea, but Kim¡¯s¡±

In his memoirs, Nikita Khrushchev (1971: 400-1) recalls that: ¡°at the end of 1949, Kim Il-sung arrived with his delegation to hold consultations with Stalin. The North Koreans wanted to prod South Korea with the point of a bayonet. Kim said that the first poke would touch off an internal explosion in South Korea. ¡¦ Naturally Stalin couldn¡¯t oppose this idea. ¡¦ Stalin persuaded Kim that he should think it over, make some calculations, and then come back with a concrete plan.¡±5
 
On January 12, 1950, the U.S. Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, made a speech in the National Press Club stating that the U.S. would not guarantee areas beyond Japan, the Ryukyus and the Philippines against military attack, a position that placed Korea outside the U.S. defense perimeter. Two months later, in April, Kim visited Moscow again together with Park Heon-yung, the leader of the South Korean Communists. This time, Stalin approved his invasion of South Korea on condition of obtaining the approval of Mao Zedong. Kim made a trip to Beijing in mid-May and obtained Mao¡¯s support.6
 
Khrushchev remembers it this way (ibid: 401-2): ¡°Kim went home, and then returned to Moscow when he had worked everything out. He told Stalin he was absolutely certain of success. I remember Stalin had his doubts. He was worried that the Americans would jump in, but we were inclined to think that if the war were fought swiftly–and Kim was sure that it would be won swiftly—then intervention by the USA could be avoided. Nevertheless, Stalin decided to ask Mao¡¯s opinion about Kim¡¯s suggestion. ¡¦ Mao also answered affirmatively. He approved Kim¡¯s suggestion and put forward the opinion that the USA would not intervene since the war would be an internal matter¡¦ We [the Soviets] had already been giving arms to North Korea for some time. It was obvious that they would receive the requisite quantity of tanks, artillery, rifles, machine guns, engineering equipment, and antiaircraft weapons.¡±
 
According to Suh (1988: 112, 121), the key factors that have contributed to Kim¡¯s decision to attack South Korea were the U.S. troop withdrawal, the success of the Chinese Communists in mainland China, and the Acheson declaration regarding the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia. Furthermore, Park Heon-yung assured Kim that some 200,000 loyal followers of his organizations in the South would rise up once the invasion began, and Kim also believed that the war would be won too swiftly for the U.S. army to return to Korean peninsula.

Kim had been trying to undermine the legitimacy of the Rhee regime by amplifying the stigma of collaboration of key figures of its government with the Japanese during their occupation of Korea, and tried to get rid of the U.S. and her forces out of the minds of the South Korean people by propagating nationalism and the danger of colonial enslavement under American imperialism. The U.S. military forces had finished their withdrawal on June 29, 1949. Kim, on the other hand, had been proposing a peaceful unification since June 1949 until June 19, 1950, six days before the invasion (see Suh, 1988: 105, 113, 120).
 
Stalin had been providing Kim with planes, heavy artillery and tanks, while Mao was handing over 40,000 veteran Korean soldiers in the ranks of the Communist Chinese army.7 In May, Stalin dispatched a new team of Soviet army officers to finalize the details of the invasion plan. The heavily armed 200,000-man North Korean army unleashed an attack on the lightly armed 100,000-man South Korean army at 4:00 a.m. on June 25, 1950.
 
Khrushchev remembers (ibid: 401-2): ¡°I must stress that the war wasn¡¯t Stalin¡¯s idea, but Kim¡¯s. Kim was the initiator. Stalin, of course, didn¡¯t try to dissuade him. ¡¦ I don¡¯t condemn Stalin for encouraging Kim. ¡¦ We wished every success to Kim and toasted the whole North Korean leadership, looking forward to the day when their struggle would be won.¡±
 
General MacArthur remembers (1964: 328, 330): ¡°The South Koreans had four divisions along the 38th Parallel. They ¡¦ were equipped and organized as a constabulary force, not as troops of the line. ¡¦ The decision ¡¦ had been made by the State Department. The argument advanced ¡¦ was that it was a necessary measure to prevent the South Koreans from attacking North Korea.¡±8
 
The Soviet explosion of an atomic device in August, 1949 had ended the American atomic monopoly. There followed the expulsion of Jiang Jieshi from mainland China, and the concentration of Communist Chinese forces along the border of Indochina, where the French were waging a losing battle against the Viet Minh.9 Communist rebels stepped up pressure on British Malaya and the pro-U.S. Philippines. Now the North Korean invasion across the 38th parallel thrust the Korean peninsula into global center stage.
 
Khrushchev remembers (ibid: 402-3): ¡°when Kim was preparing for his march, Stalin called back all our advisors who were with the North Korean divisions and regiments¡¦. I asked Stalin about this, and he snapped back at me, ¡®It¡¯s too dangerous to keep our advisors there. They might be taken prisoner. We don¡¯t want there to be evidence for accusing us of taking part in this business. It¡¯s Kim¡¯s affair.¡¯ ¡¦ The designated hour arrived and the war began. The attack was launched successfully. The North Koreans swept south swiftly. But what Kim had predicted—an internal uprising after the first shots were fired and Syngman Rhee was overthrown—unfortunately failed to materialize.¡±10
 
The first contingent of the U.S. Eighth Army, the Smith Company of the 24th Division, landed at Pusan on July 1st. Stalin had never wanted to fight the U.S. army in the Korean Peninsula. On July 4th, Stalin appointed Kim as the supreme commander of North Korean army, and cleared himself and the Soviet Union out of the war. Few people have paid attention to the fact that Kim became the Supreme Commander only 10 days after the date of invasion. From that date on, Kim had to handle the fightings against the UN forces until he handed the command over to Peng De-huai on October 24th, 1950, months after the complete destruction of the North Korean army.

Truman believed that appeasement would lead to further communist aggression

Truman acted swiftly, approving the dispatch of the U.S. army, and acquiring a Security Council resolution to send in UN forces by June 28.11 General MacArthur inspected the Han River frontier on June 29, and the first contingent of the U.S. army landed on Pusan on July 1. MacArthur was selected on July 14 to command the UN forces. The ROK-U.S. forces managed to form a defense perimeter along the Nak-tong River in the southeastern corner of the peninsula. Jiang Jieshi offered to send the Nationalist Chinese troops to join the UN forces. The world speculated on a vast Asiatic Dunkirk.

On July 23, MacArthur (1964: 346) cabled Washington: ¡°Operation planned mid-September is amphibious landing of a two division corps in rear of enemy lines for purpose of enveloping and destroying enemy forces in conjunction with attack from south by Eighth Army. I am firmly convinced that early and strong effort behind his front will sever his main lines of communications and enable us to deliver a decisive and crushing blow. The alternative is a frontal attack which can only result in a protracted and expensive campaign.¡±

MacArthur¡¯s ingenuous landing operation at Inchon on September 15 completely reversed the tide of war, and the UN forces pushed northward. Stalin asked Mao to rescue Kim, promising air cover for the Chinese troops and even direct Soviet involvement in case the Chinese were defeated.12

Khrushchev remembers (ibid: 405): ¡°Zhou En-lai had flown to see Stalin on the instructions of Mao. By this time the North Korean army was nearly decimated. Zhou asked Stalin whether Chinese troops ought to be moved into North Korean territory in order to block the path of the Americans and South Koreans. ¡¦ Then they agreed that China should give active support to North Korea. Chinese troops were already stationed along the border. Stalin and Zhou believed these troops could manage the situation completely. ¡¦ Zhou En-lai flew back to Beijing.¡±

War between communism and capitalism
 
Stalin believed that a Third World War between communism and capitalism was inevitable, but he wanted to determine the time and place for the final showdown. Unification of the Korean Peninsula by Kim would provide a springboard for an invasion of Japan, but Stalin did not want the Korean War to become the main battleground between the Soviet Union and the U.S.; Europe within one or two decades, Stalin thought, was the right place to deliver the death blow to world imperialism. Stalin did not want to see Mao improving relations with the U.S. and achieving a hegemonic role in East Asia. The progress in the Korean War had to be carefully manipulated as to let Mao carry the greatest part of the burden of diverting the U.S. forces from Europe to Asia and at the same time burn Mao¡¯s bridges to West.13

On October 19, about 200,000 Chinese ¡°People¡¯s Volunteers¡± started to cross the Yalu River.14 Mao¡¯s elder son was killed by a bomb attack on November 25. On November 29, MacArthur wired Washington, urgently recommending the incorporation of the Chinese Nationalist troops into UN command. On January 4, 1951, the UN forces lost Seoul once again. The Soviet air force did not enter operations until January 10, 1951 (see Chen, 1994, p. 289).

MacArthur (1964: 378) received the following message from the Joint Chiefs of Staff: ¡°if thereafter the Chinese Communists mass large forces against your positions with an evident capability of forcing us out of Korea, it then would be necessary under these conditions to direct you to commence a withdrawal to Japan.¡± Mao began entertaining the idea of wiping out the ROK forces and expelling the U.S. army from the peninsula, but General Ridgway, who took command of the Eighth Army on December 26, 1950 following the accidental death of General Walker, could stabilize the defense line and began limited offensives.15 With the failure of the Fifth Offensive, that was launched from April to June in 1951 with 700,000 soldiers, Mao arrived at the conclusion that it would be impossible to win the war. Stalin stationed 12 air force divisions in Manchuria on rotation, and the Soviet air force commander later boasted to have shot down 1,300 American airplanes during the War, at a loss of 345 Soviet fighter planes.16

Khrushchev remembers (ibid: 406): ¡°China didn¡¯t declare war but simply sent volunteers into Korea. These troops were commanded by Peng De-huai, whom Mao held in the highest esteem. ¡¦ Peng gave his situation reports to Mao. ¡¦ declared categorically that the enemy would be surrounded and finished off by decisive flanking strikes. ¡¦ Unfortunately, the war wasn¡¯t ended quickly at all. The Chinese suffered many huge defeats. ¡¦ The war began to draw out. As the two sides dug in, the fighting became bloodier and bloodier. The fronts seemed to be stabilizing.¡±

MacArthur remembers (1964: 384): ¡°I now began to formulate long-range plans for destroying the Chinese forces in Korea. My decisive objective would be their supply lines. ¡¦ I would sever Korea from Manchuria by laying a field of radioactive wastes across all the major lines of enemy supply. ¡¦ Then, reinforced by Nationalist Chinese troops ¡¦ and with American reinforcement on the way, I would make simultaneous amphibious and airborne landings at the upper end of both coasts of North Korea.¡±

By the middle of March, the UN forces reached the 38th parallel. MacArthur believed that the Cold War would be won or lost in the Korean War. He wanted to bomb Manchuria and use the Chinese Nationalist forces in Korea. On April 11, 1951, Truman relieved MacArthur of his command because of his adhesion to expanding the scope of war, a position strongly opposed by Winston Churchill.

The truce negotiation that began on July 10, 1951 dragged on. Japan regained independence by signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty of September 8, 1951. The communists behaved like a victor at the truce talks, and the war of attrition continued.17

a Nuclear ultimatum for a quick conclusion of truce negotiation

General Dwight Eisenhower had served MacArthur as an aide. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 with the implicit promise of ending what had become a most unpopular war, the Korean War, as quickly as possible. His son John was fighting in the War as a lieutenant. In less than a month after taking office in January, Eisenhower raised the nuclear option at a meeting of the NSC. By this time, the U.S. had stockpiled 1,161 atomic bombs, deemed enough to wage a Third World War, if necessary. 18 Secretary of State John Dulles delivered a nuclear ultimatum to Mao through Premier Nehru of India to coerce the Communists into a quick conclusion of truce negotiations.

Stalin died on March 5, 1953. Rhee, on the other hand, hindered the truce talks by releasing, on June 18, 1953, the 26,930 anti-Communist prisoners of war who did not want to return to the North.19 General Clark, who replaced Ridgway as Commander of the UN forces in May, 1952, prepared a plan for a coup d¡¯état against Rhee. On July 4, the communist negotiators agreed to the provision of returning POWs on a voluntary basis only. Rhee, after winning some major concessions from the U.S., including a mutual defense pact, promised not to disrupt the truce talks any more. On July 27, the ceasefire was agreed to and implemented.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

[°¢ÁÖ]

1 Syngman Rhee was born in 1875. He completed a traditional classical education and then entered an American Methodist high-school in Seoul where he learned English. In 1896, he joined the Independence Society to reform the monarchy and repel the Japan¡¯s colonial designs, but ended up in prison between 1898 and 1904 for supporting the idea of a popularly elected national assembly. On his release, he went to the United States, where he received a B.A. from George Washington University in 1907 (studying humanities and social sciences), an M.A. from Harvard University in 1908 (studying international relations and history), and a Ph.D in international law from the department of political science, Princeton University, in 1910, the same year that Japan annexed Korea. He was a close friend of President Woodrow Wilson¡¯s family. Rhee came back to Korea in 1910, but fearing arrest by the Japanese colonial rulers, he fled to the U.S. in 1912. Rhee met the Democratic candidate for president and his former teacher, Woodrow Wilson, in an effort to gain his support for Korea, but Wilson told Rhee that international intervention to gain Korea¡¯s independence from Japan was inappropriate. See Burton I. Kaufman (1999: 101).

2 Kim Il-sung was born in 1912, and his family moved to Manchuria in 1919. When Japan occupied Manchuria in 1932, Kim joined guerrilla resistance against the Japanese. Kim escaped from the Japanese extermination campaigns to the Soviet Far East sometime in 1939 or 1940, and led a Korean contingent as a captain in the Soviet Army.
See Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita (1993: 131).

3 Directive to the Soviet Ambassador in North Korea, September 24, 1949: ¡°At the present the tasks of the struggle for the unification of Korea demand a concentration of a maximum effort, in the first place, to the development of the partisan movement, the creation of liberated regions and the preparation of a general armed uprising in South Korea in order to overthrow the reactionary regime and successfully resolve the task of unifying all Korea, and secondly, to further strengthen in every way the Peoples¡¯ Army of Korea.¡± Kaufman (1999: 119)

4 See Stueck (1995: 30-1) and Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita (1993: 135-6). According to Suh (1988: 121), more than 3,000 guerrillas were sent south from September 1949 to March 1950.

5 Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, commentary by Edward Crankshow, translated by Strobe Talbott (1971). Stueck (2002: 2-3) notes that their legitimacy and/or accuracy was questioned in some circles.

6 See Goncharov, Lewis, and Lita (1993: 213-4, 136-7, and 138-54).

Ciphered Telegram from Shtykov to Vishinsky, January 19, 1950: ¡°Kim stated that when he was in Moscow, Comrade Stalin said to him ¡¦ in case of an attack on the north of the country by the army of Rhee Syngman, then it is possible to go on the counteroffensive to the south of Korea. But since Rhee Syngman is still not instigating an attack, it means that the liberation of the people of the southern part of the country and the unification of the country are drawn out, that he (Kim Il Sung) thinks that he needs again to visit Comrade Stalin and receive an order and permission for offensive action by the People¡¯s Army for the purpose of the liberation of the people of Southern Korea. Further Kim said that he himself cannot begin an attack, because he is a communist, a disciplined person and for him the order of Comrade Stalin is law.¡± Kaufman (1999: 120)

Ciphered Telegram from Stalin to Shtykov, January 30, 1950: ¡°¡¦he must understand that such a large matter in regard to South Korea such as he wants to undertake needs large preparation. The matter must be organized so that there would not be too great a risk.¡± Kaufman (1999: 121)

7 See Stueck (1995: 62). About 10,000 of these veteran soldiers were from the 166th Division of Communist Chinese Army and designated as the 6th Division, the 1st Corps of the North Korean Army that took Seoul in three days. See Noh (2000: 411).

8 See Douglas MacArthur (1964).
MacArthur was born in 1880 as the son of a general and graduated from West Point in 1903, receiving the highest grades ever recorded there to date. He served as aide to Theodore Roosevelt, and commanded a brigade during World War I. In 1930, he was named by Herbert Hoover as chief of staff of the army. He retired from the army in 1937, but was recalled by Franklin D. Roosevelt to active duty in 1941, named Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Theatre, and then appointed by Harry S. Truman as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Japan in September, 1945. He drafted a liberal constitution for Japan, allowing Hirohito to remain as emperor.

9 As the result of Sino-French War (1883-5), French colonial rule had been substituted for Chinese suzerainty over Annam. Ho Chi-minh founded the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930, believing in the importance of the revolutionary role of oppressed peasants. He stayed in Yan¡¯an for a few months in 1938 with Mao.

10 Park Heon-yung, the leader of Communist operation in South Korea, ¡°would have preferred a popular uprising to a military conquest to reclaim his leadership in the South, but since his followers and his underground agents were all arrested in the South, Park would have to agree to military action. ¡¦ Park is alleged to have told Kim that once the Korean People¡¯s Army started a military action to liberate the South, some 200,000 loyal followers of his organizations in the south would rise up and overthrow the South Korean Regime. Kim [on February 8, 1963] ¡¦ told ¡¦ that Park was a liar and there had not been even 1,000 members, let alone 200,000 (see Suh, 1988, p. 121).¡±

11 Harry Truman was born in 1884 in Missouri, and operated a family farm and then a shop until 1921. Truman was elected to the Senate in 1934, picked by Roosevelt as vice-president, and then elevated to the presidency in April 1945 on Roosevelt¡¯s death in office. Truman made the decisions to drop the atomic bombs against Japan, implement the Marshall Plan in 1947, overcome the Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948 with massive airlifts, and build the H-bomb in January 1950.
Truman believed that appeasement à la the Munich Agreement of 1938 would only lead to further communist aggression, and hence made a swift decision to send the U.S. troops to Korea. On December  1, 1950 (New York Times), Truman even made a statement that he would not rule out the possibility of using atomic weapons. The U.S., however, had possessed only 298 atomic bombs at that time, a number deemed insufficient to prosecute a Third World War if that were to come about.

12 See Goncharov, Lewis, and Litai (1993: 216).

13 See ibid. (1993: 207, 210 and 212).

14 ¡°For Kim the war ended as early as October 1950 when the Chinese volunteers took over the fight. ¡¦ they ¡¦ demanded that Kim stay clear of their management of the war. ¡¦ Peng is alleged to have told Kim that the Korean War was a fight between himself and General MacArthur, and Kim had no part in it.¡± Suh (1988: 137)

15 Chen (2001: 85) notes that: ¡°When China entered the Korean War in October 1950, Mao Zedong and the Beijing leadership intended to win a glorious victory by driving the Americans out of Korea. Nine months later the cruel reality of the battlefield forced the Beijing leadership to adjust this goal.¡±

16 See B. C. Noh (2000: 175).

17 According to Chen (1994: 220-3), ¡°China¡¯s participation in the war caused the loss of tens of thousands of its soldiers on the battlefield, forced the expenditures of billions of dollars on military purposes at the expense of China¡¯s economic reconstruction, prevented Beijing from recovering Taiwan ¡¦  But from Mao¡¯s perspective, China¡¯s gain was considerable. China¡¯s involvement in the Korean War stimulated a series of political and social revolution in China that would have been otherwise inconceivable during the early stage of the new republic. During the three years of the war, along with the ¡®Great Movement to Resist America and Assist Korea¡¯ ¡¦ CCP had effectively strengthened its organizational control of Chinese society and dramatically increased its authority in the minds of the Chinese people. ¡¦ Mao was therefore more confident and enthusiastic than ever before to take a series of new steps to transform China, including the collectivization of agriculture, the nationalization of industry, the anti-rightist campaign, and the Great Leap Forward. ¡¦ The Korean War also symbolized China¡¯s rise to prominence in the international arena. ¡¦ For the first time in its modern history China had succeeded in confronting a coalition of Western powers and emerging undefeated. ¡¦ They could not forget that as the result of Stalin¡¯s ¡®betrayal¡¯ at a crucial junction, China had to begin military operations in Korea without Soviet air support, ¡¦ As a result, Mao and the other Beijing leaders would put more emphasis on ¡®self-reliance¡¯ ¡¦ the prelude of the future Sino-Soviet split.¡±
 
18 See Noh (2000: 400) for the number of atomic bombs.

19 Stueck (2002: 172-4) notes that: ¡°Zhou En-lai initiated exploration of possible concessions on the POW issue, but ¡¦ Stalin advised firmness on the POW issue, Mao offered no dissent. ¡¦ Stalin consistently advised Mao to take a tough position in the armistice talks. At the same time, the Soviet premier always showed determination to avoid direct Soviet embroilment with the Americans over Korea. ¡¦ What is certain is that Stalin¡¯s successors moved quickly to advocate moves to end the war, and the Chinese offered no resistance.¡±


 

http://www.east/ AsianHistory.pe.kr
http://www.wontackhong.pe.kr/

¨Ï 2005 by Wontack Hong
All rights reserved

Áßµµ¿Í ±ÕÇüÀ» Ç¥¹æÇÏ´Â ½Å¹®-¾÷ÄÚ¸®¾Æ(upkorea.net)


 

 

 

 

 

ÀÔ·Â : 2005³â 09¿ù 12ÀÏ 10:38:54 / ¼öÁ¤ : 2005³â 09¿ù 12ÀÏ 10:41:51

¢¸ back ¡ã top

ÀÌ ±â»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³×ƼÁð Àǰß



ÀÎÅͳݽŹ® »ç¹«½Ç ¼­¿ïƯº°½Ã ¼­´ë¹®±¸ ÇÕµ¿ 31-12 ¿¹¶ûºôµù 2Ãþ
UpKorea.net ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÄÁÅÙÃ÷(±â»ç)´Â ÀúÀ۱ǹýÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹«´Ü ÀüÀç¤ýº¹»ç¤ý¹èÆ÷ µîÀ» ±ÝÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Copyright ¨Ï 2004 ¾÷ÄÚ¸®¾Æ. all right reserved. mail to
webmaster@upkorea.net